Anonymous Research Essay

nameless (used as a mass noun) is a loosely associated hacktivist sort. It (is estimated to maintain) originated in 2003 on the imageboard 4chan, representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously quick as an anarchic, digitized global brain.2 It is also gener each(prenominal)y considered to be a blanket term for members of certain Internet subcultures, a way to refer to the actions of people in an environment where their actual identities ar not known.3 It strongly opposes Internet censorship and surveillance, and has hacked various disposal websites. It has also targeted major security corporations.456 It also opposes Scientology, government turpitude and homophobia.Its members can be distinguished in public by the wearing of stylised Guy Fawkes masks.7 In its early form, the concept was adopted by a decentralized online community acting anonymously in a coordinated manner, usually toward a loosely self-agreed goal, and primarily focused on en tertainment. Beginning with 2008, the unknown joint became increasingly associated with collaborative, international hacktivism. They undertook protests and other actions in retaliation against anti-digital piracy campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations.89 Actions credited to unknown were under matchn by unidentified individuals who applied the anon. label to themselves as attribution.10They have been called the freedom fighters of the Internet,11 a digital Robin Hood,12 and anarchic cyber-guerrillas.13 Although not necessarily tied(p) to a single online entity, many websites are strongly associated with nameless. This includes notable imageboardssuch as 4chan, their associated wikis, Encyclopdia Dramatica, and a number of forums.14 After a series of controversial, widely publicized protests, distributed defending team of gain (DDoS) and website defacement attacks by nameless in 2008, incidents linked to its cadre members have increased.15 In c onsideration of its capabilities, unidentified has been posited by CNN to be wiz of the three close to major successors to WikiLeaks.16 In 2012, Time named nameless as one of the most influential conferences in the world.17OriginsThe name unnamed itself is inspired by the perceived namelessness under which users post images and comments on the Internet. Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on imageboards.14 A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content. Users of imageboards some times jokingly acted as if Anonymous were a real person. The concept of the Anonymous entity advanced in 2004 when an executive director on the 4chan image board activated a Forced_Anon protocol that signed all posts as Anonymous.14 As the popularity of imageboards increased, the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an Internet meme.18 Anonymous broadly represents the con cept of any and all people as an unnamed collective.As a multiple-use name, individuals who share in the Anonymous moniker also adopt a shared online identity, characterized as hedonistic and uninhibited. This is intended as a satirical, conscious adoption of the online disinhibition effect.19 We Anonymous just happen to be a group of people on the internet who needjust kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldnt be able to do in regular society. Thats more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. Theres a common phrase we are doing it for the lulz. Trent Peacock. Search Engine The face of Anonymous, February 7, 2008.19 Definitions tend to emphasize that the concept, and by extension the collective of users, cannot be readily encompassed by a simple definition. Instead Anonymous is often defined by aphorismsdescribing perceived qualities.2 One self-description, originating from a protest video targeted at the Church of Scientology, is We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We d o not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.20Overview Anonymous is the first off Internet-basedsuperconsciousness. Anonymous is a group, in the sense that a flock of birds is a group. How do you know theyre a group? Because theyre traveling in the same direction. At any given moment, more birds could join, leave, peel off in another direction entirely. Chris Landers. Baltimore City Paper, April 2, 2008.2 Anonymous consists largely of users from multiple imageboards and Internet forums. In addition, several wikis and Internet Relay Chat net processs are maintained to overcome the limitations of traditional imageboards. These modes of communication are the operator by which Anonymous protesters participating in Project Chanology communicate and organize upcoming protests.2122 A loose coalition of Internet denizens,23 the group bands together through and through the Internet, using IRC channels21 and sites such as 4chan,2123 711chan,21 Encyclopdia Dramatica,24 and YouTube.3 Social n etworking services, such as Facebook, are used for to mobilize groups for real-world protests.25Anonymous has no leader or controlling troupe and relies on the collective power of its individual participants acting in such a way that the net effect benefits the group.23 Anyone who wants to can be Anonymous and work toward a set of goals a member of Anonymous explained to the Baltimore City Paper. We have this agenda that we all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition. We just want to get something that we feel is important done2 Anonymous members have previously collaborated with hacker group LulzSec.citation neededMembershipIt is impossible to join Anonymous, as there is no leadership, no ranking, and no single means of communication. Anonymous is spread over many mediums and languages, with rank and file being achieved simply by wishing to join.26 commanding officer X and the Peoples Liberation FrontA person k nown as commandant X provided interviews and videos about Anonymous.27 In 2011, he was at the center of an investigation into Anonymous by HBGary CEO Aaron Barr, who claimed to have identified him as a San Francisco gardener. Interviewed hobby the attack on HBGary Federal, Commander X revealed that while Barr suspected that he was a leader of the group, he was in his own words a peon. However, Commander X did claim to be a skilled hacker and founding member of an allied organization, the Peoples Liberation Front (PLF).28 According to Commander X, Peoples Liberation Front, a collective of hactivists founded in 1985, acted with AnonOps, another sub-group of Anonymous, to carry out denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks against government websites in Tunisia, Iran, Egypt, and Bahrain.Explaining the relationship between Anonymous and the PLF, he suggested an analogy to NATO, with the PLF being a brokener sub-group that could choose to opt in or out of a specific project. AnonOps and the P LF are both capable of creating abundant Internet armies. The main difference is AnonOps moves with huge force, but very slowly because of their decision making process. The PLF moves with great speed, like a scalpel.29 On September 23, 2011, a homeless man in calcium named Christopher Doyon was arrested and stated by officials to have used the Commander X screen name.30 He pleaded not inculpatory.31 secondary Orbit Ion CannonMain article LOICThe Low Orbit Ion Cannon is a network stress testing application that has been used by Anonymous to accomplish its DDOS attacks. Individual users knock download the LOIC and voluntarily bring their computer to a bot net. This bot net is then directed against the target by AnonOps.32 Joining the bot net and volunteering ones resources for the use of the group is thus one way of being a member, a concept that is otherwise hard to define.The Pirate BayIn April 2009, after The Pirate Bay co-defendants were found guilty of facilitating extensive copyright infringement in a commercial and organized form, Anonymous launched a coordinated DDoS attack against the International Federation of the Phonographic industry (IFPI), an organisation responsible for safeguarding recording artists rights.33 When co-founders lost their appeal against convictions for encouraging piracy, Anonymous again targeted the IFPI, labelling them parasites. A statement read We will continue to attack those who perceive censorship. You will not be able to hide your ludicrous ways to control us.MegauploadOn January 19, 2012, Megaupload, a website providing file-sharing services, was shut down by the US surgical incision of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).36 In the hours following the shutdown, hackers took down the sites of the DOJ and FBI, as well as the Motion Picture Association of the States (MPAA), the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) using distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.37Barrett Brown, described as a spokesperson for Anonymous, called the attack the single largest Internet attack in Anonymous history.38 With the protests against the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) protests only a day old, Brown stated that internet users were by-and-far ready to defend an open Internet.38Although the actions of Anonymous received support,citation needed some commentators argued that the denial of service attack risked damaging the anti-SOPA case. Molly Wood of CNET wrote that if the SOPA/PIPA protests were the Webs moment of inspiring, non-violent, hand-holding civil disobedience, OpMegaUpload feels like the unsettling wave of car-burning hooligans that sweep in and incite the riot portion of the play.39 Dwight Silverman of the Houston Chronicle concurred, stating that Anonymous actions hurt the transaction to kill SOPA/PIPA by highlighting online lawlessness.40 The Oxford Internet Institutes Joss Wright wrote that In one sense the actions of Anonymo us are themselves, anonymously and unaccountably, censoring websites in response to positions with which they disagree.37Government websitesAnonymous claimed responsibility for winning down government websites in the UK in April 2012 in protest against government extradition and surveillance policies. A message was left on Twitter saying it was for your draconian surveillance proposals.41 take in movementAnonymous activists merged with Occupy Wall Street protesters. Anonymous members descended on New Yorks Zucotti Park and organized it partly. After it became known that some Occupy protesters would get violent, Anonymous used social networking to urge Occupy protesters to avoid disorder. Anonymous used Twitter trends to keep protests peaceful.42 A similar protest occurred extracurricular the London Stock Exchange in early May 2012 during a May Day Occupy protest.43Internet pedophiliaAlleged Internet caribe Chris Forcand, 53, was charged with child sexual and firearm offenses.44 A newspaper report stated that Forcand was already being tracked by cyber-vigilantes before police investigations commenced.45 A television report identified a self-described Internet vigilante group called Anonymous who contacted the police after some members were propositioned by Forcand. The report stated this was the first time a suspected Internet predator was arrested by the police as a result of Internet vigilantism.46 In October 2011, Operation Darknet was launched as an look for to cease the activities of child porn sites accessed through hidden services in the deep web.47 Anonymous published in apastebin link what it claimed were the user names of 1,589 members of Lolita City, a child porn site accessed via the Tor network. Anonymous said that it had found the site via The Hidden Wiki, and that it contained over 100 gigabytes of child pornography. Anonymous launched a denial-of-service attack to take Lolita City offline.Cyber-attacks and other activitiesThe group is respon sible for cyber-attacks on the Pentagon, News Corp and has also threatened to destroy Facebook.54 In October 2011, Anonymous hackers threatened the Mexican drug cartel known as Los Zetas in an online video after one of their members was kidnapped.55 In late May 2012 alleged Anonymous members claimed responsibility for taking down a GM crops website.56 In early September 2012 alleged Anonymous members claimed responsibility for taking down GoDaddys Domain Name Servers, affecting small businesses around the globe.57 In mid-September 2012, Anonymous hackers threatened the Hong Kong government organization, known as National development Centre.In their online video, Anonymous members claimed responsibility for leaking classified government documents and taking down the National Education Centre website, after the Hong Kong government repeatedly ignored months of wide-scale protests against the establishment of a new core Moral and National Education curriculum for children from 618 ye ars of age. The new syllabus came under heavy criticism and international media attention, as it does not award students based on how much factual information is learned, but instead grades and evaluates students based on their level of emotional attachment and approval of the Communist Party of China, almost in blind brain-washing fashion.58IsraelIn response to Operation Pillar of Cloud in November 2012, Anonymous launched a series of attacks on Israeli government websites. Anonymous protested what they called the barbaric, uncivilised and despicable treatment of the Palestinian people.59SyriaOn November 30, 2012, the group declared an operation to shut down websites of the Syrian government, in response to a internet brownout the previous day believed to be imposed by Syrian authorities in an attempt to silence opposition groups of the Syrian civil war answer from law enforcement agenciesArrests First, who is this group called Anonymous? Put simply, it is an international cabal of criminal hackers dating back to 2003, who have shut down the websites of the U.S. Department of Justice and the F.B.I. They have hacked into the phone lines of Scotland Yard. They are responsible for attacks against MasterCard, Visa, Sony and the Governments of the U.S., U.K., Turkey, Australia, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. Canadian MP Marc Garneau, 201267In December 2010, the Dutch police arrested a 16-year old for cyberattacks against Visa, MasterCard and PayPal in conjunction with Anonymous DDoS attacks against companies opposing Wikileaks.68 In January 2011, the FBI issued more than 40 search warrants in a probe against the Anonymous attacks on companies that opposed Wikileaks. The FBI did not issue any arrest warrants, but issued a statement that participating in DDoS attacks is a criminal offense with a sentence of up to 10 years in prison.6970 In January 2011, the British police arrested five male suspects between the ages of 15 and 26 wit h suspicion of participating in Anonymous DDoS attacks.71 Matthew George, a Newcastle, New South Wales resident, come to with forthcoming Australian internet filtration legislation, was arrested for his participation in Anonymous DDoS activities. George participated in Anonymous IRC discussions, and allowed his computer to be used in a denial of service attack associated with Operation Titstorm. Tracked down by authorities, he was fined $550, though he was not fully aware that his actions were illegal, and believed his participation in Operation Titstorm had been a legal form of civil protest.His experience left him disillusioned with the potential of online anonymity, warning others There is no way to hide on the internet, no enumerate how hard you cover your tracks you can get caught. Youre not invincible.72 On June 10, 2011, the Spanish police captured three purported members of Anonymous in the cities of Gijon, Barcelona and Valencia. The operation deactivated the main waiter from which the three men coordinated DDoS attacks. This particular group had made attacks on the web servers of the PlayStation Store, BBVA, Bankia, and the websites of the governments of Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Iran, Chile, Colombia and New Zealand. The operation revealed that their structure consisted of cells which at any given time could coordinate attacks through the downloading of software the decision-making process to attack occurred in chat rooms.The Spanish national police stated that this operation corresponds to the fact that the Spanish government and NATO considers this group of hackers a threat to national security.73 On June 13, 2011, officials in Turkey arrested 32 individuals that were allegedly involved in DDoS attacks on Turkish government websites. These members of Anonymous were captured in different cities of Turkey including Istanbul and Ankara. According to PC Magazine these individuals were arrested after they attacked these websites as a response to the Tu rkish government demand to ISPs to implement a system of filters that many have perceived as censorship.7475During July 1920, 2011, as many as 20 or more arrests were made of suspected Anonymous hackers in the US, UK, and Netherlands following the 2010 Operation Avenge Assange in which the group attacked PayPal, as well as attacking MasterCard and Visa after they froze Wikileaks accounts. According to US officials statements suspects homes were raided and suspects were arrested in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Washington DC, Florida, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, and Ohio, as well as a 16 year old boy being held by the police in southbound London on suspicion of breaching the Computer Misuse Act 1990, and four being held in the Netherlands.76777879On February 28, 2012, Interpol issued warrants for the arrests of 25 people with suspected links to Anonymous, gibe to a statement from the international police agency. The suspects, between the ages of 17 and 40, were all arrested.80 On September 12, 2012 Anonymous spokesman Barrett Brown was arrested at his home in Dallas on charges of threatening an FBI agent. Agents arrested Brown while he was in the middle of aTinychat session.81