Feminism Blog Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Feminism blog Analysis - Essay ExampleThe main similarity between the cardinal sites chosen for analysis is the responsibleness they take on themselves in regard to what they atomic number 18 writing about. In particular, the content of the blogs suggests that both sites occupy treating everyone with equal respect important also, protecting women and standing up against sexism is in the focus. In a narrower sense, the two sites both agree that womens reproductive rights should not be restricted. They argue that women should have the ability to ask whether, how, and when they have or not have children. The sites also highlight the idea that womens reproductive rights are affected at different levels, such as economy, medicine, education, criminal justice, government, community, and others. The use of social media has played a significant role in the modern feminist movement as well as in how it is perceived in the society. In fact, social media gives young women an opportunity to use their voices in a larger audience. Social media makes feminist activism more democratic, which means that anyone can participate in it. It removes geographical barriers and, thus, makes it possible for millions to yoke as it facilitates public dialogues independent of the participants location. One of the examples of the co-called networked feminism is the wide use of hashtags that gives the possibility to groups messages on the topic and, consequently, to make it easier to get the information and check the messages which include it.

Emily's story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emilys story - Essay ExampleWe broke up when I was five months pregnant and that while I had not even told my dad about my pregnancy. I was bought up by my dad who was sooner strict in these matters. My mom left him before my birth and when I was born she dropped me when I was most(prenominal) months old. People say she was looking for someone else and my responsibility was a hurdle in her activities. My dad, he gave me love life and affection of both the parents and raised me up in the best possible way. But in some matters he was damn strict and having boyfriends and sleeping with them was the top most issue. Now the problem left for me was give tongue to him that his dear daughter is pregnant with a boy who is not mothering in seeking pleasure with her all more. First I tried to contact Jim again as his support would have made things less(prenominal) severe. Despite trying every possibility to contact him, texts, calls, facebook, whatsapp, all my attempts went in vein and I did not hear from him after wards. I made the mind to tell truth to my dad because sooner or later he has to find that out and it could put me in a more difficult situation. I was not sure where to start and how to defend it. I knew he would be very much thwarted and annoyed at me. I decided to write a letter to him telling all the circumstances. I wrote everything on a piece of paper and put the paper under his pillow. The next morning I woke up by a hard roar. Before I could even realize what that actually was, in that respect was a bang on my door. My father was knocking hard as if he would break it. I took no time in getting up but I resisted in opening door. If I would open door at this time, it would have resulted in anything. It could end up in a physical assault. So I pleaded him behind the door that I was sorry and i would be nice girl from now on. But he kept on shouting to leave his house just now. I opened the door after some time. He was standing next to it with red eyes. He request me

Compare and Contrast images of L.A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comp atomic number 18 and Contrast images of L.A - Essay poserPonces use of imagery and description in the text makes you feel like you atomic number 18 actually right there with her watching Roy Rogers and Cassidy movies on Sundays. Her joyful tone makes it seem as if carriage in those days was much easier and less demanding than it is today in our global rat race. In those days, the populate would look forward to Father Muellers western movies after rosary it would create a cut short from monotony and encourage socialization. Today, Im sure, a teenager would not be caught dead at a social organized by the church, and instead they prefer going to the theatres/movies (which are now exceedingly affordable), the discos and other places where occasions of sin are very likely to happen. Her word choice is superb oddly the mixture of Spanish and English when relaying a conversation shows the Spaniards character hot, bubbly and dramatic. The tone of the text gives the proofreader a sense of excitement and a want to read more, to see what is going to happen next. You well-nigh feel as if you want to go back to that day and age and live the sources life. In almost all aspects, both authors write in the same manner, and of different things. The author also shows the cheekiness of a teenage girl when she speaks of her loyalty to the older ladies for whom she translates the films At times the movies were withal long, the plot too predictable. I would tire of my telephone circuit and yearn to sit in front with Elena. By now I had spent the money given me by Dona Luisa and the Trinidads. As the show dragged on, I fidgeted in my seat, edging toward Elena. Once I had collected mas cincos, I sought ways to escape from the boring job of translating an old cowboy movie. One usually worked (pg. 805, p. 5). I remained unruffled, my fist tight around the nickels I had earned, as I pushed my way toward Elena. Around me the thoroughly confused women sat in wonder at this choppy turn of events. They squabbled, each wanting to believe only what they had seen on the white screen, until told to hush by those sit down in back. (pg. 806, p. 3). At times I felt guilty about the translation and the nickels, particularly when the senoras began to bicker among themselves. My guilt would last until the following Sunday, when once more I might recite an professional version of an old western. (pg. 807) In this respect, we see how children and teenagers have not really evolved much throughout the years, the feelings, the attitudes and the actions are still very much the same. Sure, today one does not have to translate a movie, but it outhouse be seen at events where a teenager who shows up with his/her parents will stay with them only until they can find their friend and soon they are off. There is also still what one might mobilize a great divide between the popular kids and the not so popular kids When she saw me changing my dress for las vistas, Trina w ould just snicker. I wouldnt be caught at them old movies. Its not articulatio coxae I like em. Thats cause youre a square. She tossed back her pageboy, arched her eyebrows (just like Joan Crawford), and then(prenominal) locked herself in the

Business Research Methods Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Research Methods - Term Paper ExampleFrom the paper the close obvious weakness of the questionnaire is the lack to ca-ca a brief description of the purpose of the research, there is bring to include a brief description to the answerers on what the research is aimed at finding out.The former(a) line with the questionnaire is that the questions are non perspicuously set, there is a need to set the questions in a logical manner and opt to mix them up. This is achieved by grouping questions that tend to get some information together and arranging the questions from simple questions to the more complex question. The format of the questions in the questionnaire is mixed up and does not learn this rule.The other crucial information missing from this questionnaire is the information on confidentiality, there is need to add a note on the extent to which ethical issues on confidentiality will be observed, this will en incontestable that the respondents dont give biased informa tion as a result of fear of exposure of information. Therefore there is a need to give a statement that tells the respondent about the level of confidentiality.Descriptions on where to return the peg questionnaire are also missing, there is need to clearly explain where to return the form and also advice the respondent to completely fill out all the questions because a questionnaire that is not fully filled is always discarded. The other drawback with the questionnaire is that there are two questions in one question, this is evident from the use of the word and in the questions, a research question in a questionnaire should not contain two question and thi9s is avoided by not using and in the question, this is evident from question 15 and 7, the problem with the two questions is that the respondent is not sure which question to answer and this leads to biases in responses given.

English Paper Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Paper Final - Essay idealA Marxist society is always in a process of being created, and this occurs through chat and negotiation (Giddens et al, 2003). When the family breaks down, these important functions no longer occur. Social order becomes confused either because they were never at a lower placestood to begin with under the functionalist perspective or because there is no communication or negotiation under the Marxist perspective. This sort of breakdown can be discovered in many recent examinations of American family life such as that included in Katie Arnoldis fictional novel The Wentworths. As is shown in The Wentworths, for reasons of pride or competition, to sidereal days society typically allows for little real connection in the midst of family members which makes it difficult for us to truly communicate with one another.Katie Arnoldis book tells the story of a secondary family in Southern California struggling to overcome the division and dissension of the po stmodern lifestyle. Although the family is not the batter family to be found anywhere, it is highly dysfunctional. The Wentworth family consists of direful Wentworth, who is an aging man who has always been something of a playboy and is just now just beginning to recognize that this lifestyle is no longer fulfilling. August is married to Judith, who has become preoccupy with keeping her body looking like a 20-year-old despite the fact that she has three children already hale past that age and with keeping everything exactly the same. At one point in the book, her entire day is destroyed because of a missing pair of silver serving tongs that are not where they belong. August and Judith have three adult children. The oldest is Conrad, who remains single and is a high-powered lawyer in L.A. He also is sexually deviant, engaging in masochistic activities and consistently choosing to sleep with women who resemble his mother. Becky is the

Conflict Diamond Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict Diamond - Speech or Presentation ExampleIn the late 1990s, this trade caught the attention of the world as the protracted conflict in Sierra Leone reached its scourge climax. It is not just Sierra Leone that has suffered diamonds spend a penny fuelled or exacerbated conflicts in Angola, Liberia, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of congo and the Republic of Congo. These diamonds ar regularly produced through the forced labor of men, women and children, or stolen during violent attacks on legitimise mining operations (geology.com). They have, on several occasions, been the main source of funding for cruel rebel groups. overdue to the huge amount of money at stake in the illegal diamond trade, bribes, threats and torture oftentimes accompany the mining. In Liberia, between 1989 and 2003, there were two civil wars which killed perhaps 250,000 people, time displacing a encourage 1.3 million (globalwitness.org). Former Liberian President Charles Taylor has used his diamond mines to fund a military course against civilians in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and is currently on trial in the International Court of Human Rights. In Ivory Coast, a civil war was sparked off in 2002, and even now, the country remains divided, with general human rights violations. Sierra Leone is perhaps the worst example of what blood diamonds can do to a country. authoritative diamonds once provided the mainstay of the governments revenues. Gradu all(prenominal)y, as rebel groups in the east of the country gained affirm over the mines, these revenues were reduced to nothing. By August 1993, even before the civil war had escalated, the total revenues grasp the government in Freetown amounted to some $8,000 (Dowden, 294). Meanwhile, in the mines, children were being sent down into tiny tunnels, while soft gravel above them regularly collapsed and buried them. The greed engendered by the illegitimate trade in diamonds led to a breakdown of traditional society. Visiting a village in 1993, Richard Dowden spoke to a local doctor who commented, There is no trust not even between these brothers who dig together. We have many killings. A lot of people disappear (296). Once Civil War broke out, all this worsened. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ruined the countrys interior. Bankrolled by diamonds, it raided villages, killing the inhabitants or eluding off their hands. Children were forced to become soldiers, and to kill their families and take drugs. They murdered and raped their way through the country, so that, by the end of the war, it was at the bottom of the United Nations Development Index. Let us consider the alternative. If diamonds are mined legitimately, under license from a popularly-elected and accountable government, and processed legitimately, and sold legitimately, to Western jewelers who insist upon certificates corroborative the provenance of the diamonds, the revenues from these sales will be fed back into the revenues of the re source-rich states. A country currently reeling from decades of ruin war can use such revenues to build and rebuild schools, hospitals, roads, railways, and even to rebuild lives, by fling those scarred by the conflict a second chance. By taking the diamonds out of the hands of brutal militias, and into the hands of legitimate governments, we can promote sustainable development in a troubled and impoverished region. For confirmation of this, we need only look to those African countries which have managed their

Brand Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Brand counsel - Essay ExampleThe market shares of Toyota in capital of Singapore are 27.8 percent and that of Honda are 15.68 percent (Ng 2010).Toyota Singapore has introduced a sunny Promotion Program as a new year delight for the customers of Toyota. Festive progress is a component of online marketing strategy of Toyota Singapore. Through this program, company is offering an e-discount voucher on all Toyota accessories. These vouchers are available for free on the website of Toyota Singapore and through this voucher the customers of Toyota can spell 5 percent on all Toyota accessories. This promotion of the company is available till 28 February 2011 (Borneomotors 2011).The consumers in Singapore consider after sales services very important. They like the new products however they lodge loyal to the brand names. Moreover, prices have to be very competitive for Singaporeans (SMEtookkit n.d.). As an after sales promotion strategy, company has introduced Borneo Motors-Mechelin & Y okohama Tyres Lucky Draw. Each winner of this draw in 2010 has won 4 days and 3 nights all expense paid, holiday with $4,000 package. Another lucky draw for the existing customers of Toyota is the Castrol Edge Football febrility Lucky Draw 2010 through which the winner gets 4 days 3 nights all expense paid holidays worth $8,000 (Borneomotors 2011). Another after-sales promotion is the Toyota Shield Infinity. The warranty gives the customers warranty coverage for 5 years. Company offers twain the servicing and repair privileges to its customers through this after-sales promotion.To provide the Toyota Enthusiasts a causal and fun environment where they can gather, act and discuss over their favourite Toyota cars, the company created a Toyota Club in Singapore in 2001. The club started its operations from 22 January 2001 and soon it drew the interest of all Toyota owners in Singapore (Streetdirectory n.d.). The club became a registered car club in 2004 managed by Car Enthusiasts

Better Asphalt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Better Asphalt - Essay ExampleSeveral major research projects set out taken place and are currently in progress. The National Cooperative Highway Research syllabus has a major study currently underway to evaluate skid resistance. The study is not all the same complete, but it does show promise in offering improvements in skid resistance through the utilization of finer grade aggregates. However, due to the fine grade of the aggregate, water may be slow to encounter off and create a wet condition hazard.Friction is created where the rubber meets the road. The composition of the open plush-like grade and its components are a first consideration. The microtexture, the fine aggregate in an asphalt mixture, is most influential force creating the necessary draw close friction between the pavement step to the fore and automobile tires (Williams). Over time, the surface wears away and exposes the coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate size becomes a major consideration on the surface to improve skid resistance. Recent tests in the United Kingdom has indicated that 6 to 10 mm chips at a 1.4 mm depth offered improved skid resistance at high speeds (United States Department of Transportation).

Research on the two careers Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On the two c areers - look into Proposal ExampleThe areas of study included what the lymph gland could expect in terms of educational demands, honorarium expectations, working(a) conditions, skills development and the level of contact with external forces within each career field. An interview was conducted with the client to uncover their demands in each of these five areas for each career choice. piece Resources Management The client indicated that a belligerent salary with only four-year college education were the largest demands for a career in management in any human resources or hospitality management. Unwilling to seek a Masters full stop collectible to cost and personal obligations, it was necessary for Open Options to satisfy these demands for careers only requiring a four-year Bachelors level degree. The role of human resources film director, in most industries, requires only a Bachelors in Human Resources in enunciate to receive the average salary of $59,310 (pa yscale.com, 2011). This was the salary for Lowes Home Improvement and was competitive with most other industries both retail and non-retail. Educational demands in the role of human resources double-decker are related to basic business courses, knowledge of applicable pains laws, marketing, and organizational communication. These are typical four-year degree courses that build a rounded applicant profile for the role of HR management. The client indicated that there was a need for a working environment that required little in terms of physical labor and also one where there was a high reliance on technology in fooling role obligations. This is why Open Options determined that the career of HR manager would be best-suited to the client needs. For example, the HR manager often utilizes the human resource information system (HRIS) with is a composite of databases, computer applications, and hardware/software necessary to store, manage, deliver present and manipulate data (Ngai & Wa t, 2006, p.299). The working condition for an HR manager is one where technology is integral to serving low-level business populations and also large-scale corporate or multinational business environments. It is thus suited specifically to accommodate needs as identified through the interview. Skills required for the role of HR manager, it was identified through research, include knowledge of human psychology to a higher place and beyond the educational degree. Human beings are sensitive and reflect on what they experience, responding to inner feelings and interpretations (Sandoff, 2005, p.530). In order to be an effective HR manager, it is necessary to understand what motivates individuals at the sociological and psychological level in order to gain their commitment and avoid resistance to corporate change practices. Because the client indicated that they were people-focused and enjoyed diverse working environments, it was determined again that the role of HR manager was absolute ly suited to fit these needs. When inquired as to whether the interviewee would quite an work independently or with outside forces in daily job role, a strong magnetic inclination was discovered for external consulting based on the high level of people-friendly personality traits. The role of HR manager requires the individual to work with diverse individuals from multiple business sources, including regulatory forces that monitor labor conditions,

A research paper about Toni Morrison's novel Beloved Essay

A research paper about Toni Morrisons wise Beloved - Essay ExampleBesides, Morrison also foregrounds the significance of storytelling and employs different narrative voices to reflect Sethes split up stories. This form of narration exclusivelyows her to keep the reader interested and eager to know the unfolding of the story. Morrisons allusion to sixty million and more represents not only an acknowledgement but also a tribute to the millions of Africans that had to go through the Middle passage. The exact number of these people who underwent much suffering and pain will neer be known however, their memory will survive through their experiences and physical compositions like Morrisons and others that sieve to keep the memory alive. This statement reveals Let us turn to Beloved, a Pulitzer Prize winning disk set in antebellum America. Usually classified as a neo-slave narrative, it deals with slavery and the myriads of traumas inflicted by such(prenominal) a horrifying institut ion on the survivors (Palladino 54). Through Sethes and her fellow slaves experiences, Morrison portrays the atrocities and evil these millions of slaves had to go through. Besides, this obedience to those who experienced slavery has a deep connection with another number that begins the novel 124 WAS SPITEFUL. Full of a babys venom. ... Therefore, 124 has a special link with slavery not only because it was a house that offered refuge to gala slaves but it also symbolizes the brutalities of slavery through the painful murder of Sethes baby. In fact, the missing chassis (3) in the number represents Beloved, Sethes tierce child sacrificed through the devastation of slavery, but it also symbolizes all the victims who died in the sea or through of the atrocities of their enslavement. This critic informs The sequence 1 2 4 that misses the third figure, signifies the absence of Sethes third child Sethe has four children, Howard, Buglar, the little killed baby, and Denver. Beloved has b een excluded from the family, from life and from being enumerated among Sethes children she has been left out and consciously forgotten for being a heavy and unbearable memory(Palladino 57). Thus, this dig effort to forget Beloved represents an attempt to ignore the pain and suffering related to slavery. Moreover, Morrison uses an efficient writing strategy in order to expose the destructive nature of slavery. She carefully combines form and content in an attempt to foreground the brutalities of slavery and the trauma it caused its victims. Indeed, the first paragraph sets the tone of the story without telling explicitly what the real problem is. This style reflects Morrisons effort to keep the reader interested and waiting. The narrator introduces the mite without naming it As soon as two tiny hand prints appeared in the cake (that was it for Howard). uncomplete boy waited to see more another kettleful of chickpeas smoking in a heap on the floor soda crackers crumbled and strewn in a line next to the door sill. Nor did they wait

Compare two texts listed below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare two texts listed below - Essay instanceHowever, there are important differences. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus and Jocastas trade union is one that is marked by more than steep affection. There appears to be love in it. For Capellanus, this breaks the rules of courtly love. The medieval Capellanuss rules regarding marriage ceremony are more prescribed than those belonging to the ancient Greeks. Life in the olden times was much more difficult than it is today. Relationships were not convenient and they were rarely the type of relationships that people wanted to be a part of because of desire. In fact, marriage was often performed between two people of differing tribes with the aim of bringing these people together. Tribes were united through marriage. Similarly, marriage was used for political purposes. Marrying into a family might give an individual more power. As Capellanus wrote in his book, pairing should not be a deterrent to love. If love was what you were after, t hen you should find it outside of a marriage as it was not the purpose of marriage in the first place. Real love is not man and marriage is a public institution. Everywhere in a court one might expect, check to Capellanus, to find examples of hidden love. This was his contribution to mens idea of married love. He believed there was little love in real marriage, but a lot outside of it. Sophocles play tells a different story.

The Role of Time In Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway Essay

The Role of Time In Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway - Essay Exampleit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred periods its clock length on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented by the horologe of the mind by peerless second.In the falsehood, we see a contrast between the clock time and the psychological time. There are several characteristics in the novel that illustrate a preoccupation with time. ab initio the novel was titled The Hours, which indicate that time is an important theme of the novel. Moreover the narrated time of Mrs. Dalloway is just a single day, which indicates that the narration does not give importance to the chronological presentation of events. The main focus of the novel is on the consciousness of the characters as not much happens during the day in June that is mentioned in Mrs. Dalloway. Another interest characteristic of the novel is that it is not divided into chapters. It is viewed as a one large chapter entitled Mrs. Dalloway. The sizab le Ben striking the hours serves the purpose of dividing the narrative into units. The clock time serves the purpose of dividing the narrative into different units. The lack of chapters withal serves the purpose of allowing the continuous flow of psychological time. The clock time also provides a transition from one character to another, from the present to the previous(prenominal) and to suggest the fact that the characters are bound together by time. As the clock strikes the transition takes place.The psychological time plays an important role to make the readers aware of the past of the characters. The past does not appear in chronological order. Instead it appears with relevance to the present. Clarissa opens the door and the squeak of the hinges, which she could hear instantly takes her thirty years back to a morning at Bourton. It is for this reason that the psychological time lasts long-dated than the clock time.The psychological time also serves the role of introducing t he characters as Clarissa begin to think about others. one(a) such character introduced in this manner is

Employee Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employee Resourcing - Essay ExampleEmployee resourcing is an important sh atomic number 18 undertaken by organizations to ensure that they obtain and retain the human capital that they need, for productive employment. This involves aspects of employment practice that disturb to welcoming spate to the organization, and releasing them if it is necessary to do so. Employee resourcing is a key part of human imagination precaution which matches human resources to the st evaluategic and operational needs of the organization (Armstrong, 2003 347), and ensures the complete utilization of those resources. Its main counseling is on selecting and promoting people who fit the culture and the strategic requirements of the organization.Recruitment is the process by which candidates are find and attracted for employment in an organization. The necessary effort and extent of the search is based on the selection rate and the qualifications and skill sets needed for subscriber line competence. Companies usually attempt to attract large numbers of candidates, depending on the job and purpose of the recruitment effort. Further, they aim to fill vacancies quickly, select people who will perform well, and hire people who will give sustained and long-term service to the organization (Stahl, 2003 163).The purpose of this paper is to examine the processes of employee resourcing which include attracting job applicants, recruiting candidates and selecting employees for the workforce and to discuss the significance of employee resourcing as an important function of the human resource management activities carried out by organizations.... Approaches to Employee Resourcing There are three paradigms or frames of reference that managers can use when proletariat employee resourcing functions. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), each paradigm may be adapted for a particular function. The traditional paradigm represents established best practice i n employee resourcing activities. The contingency-based paradigm accepts that contrary approaches to employee resourcing should be used for different types of situations. The new paradigm advocates innovation in the use of employee resourcing strategies according to the situation and needs that arise (Taylor, 2002 16).As compared to traditional personnel management, human resource management (HRM) emphasizes more on conclusion people whose attitudes and behaviour are aligned with what management believes to be appropriate and contributive to productivity in the organizations working environment. The HRM approach to employee resourcing believes that matching resources to organizational requirements does not simply mean maintaining or ensuring the continuation of the be conditions on the other hand, it promotes radical changes in thinking about the competencies required in the future to deliver the goods sustainable growth and to achieve cultural change (Armstrong, 2003 347). The two fundamental questions addressed by HRM resourcing policies are 1) What kind of people do we need to compete effectively both now and in the future 2) What do we have to do to attract, develop and keep these peopleAttracting Job Applicants and Recruiting Candidates Increased Use of at heart Recruitment Sources Inside recruitment sources

EN102 Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EN102 Exam 3 - Essay employmentSocial networking through the Internet is rapidly gaining attention from the public. This has potentially changed peoples lifestyle including purchasing habits. The ability of social media to form virtual networks is an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of advertising and to gain much consumers. The chance for interaction in most virtual communities is helpful to merchandiseing improvement if businesses avail this bod of advertisement. Wood and Solomon (2009) contend that virtual communities are influential in examining the differences in consumer perception of virtual and real-life testimony sources (p. 66) and would offer companies a practical look on what the consumers need. Social media offers an extensive marketing for the products and services of various companies considering the internets speed in disseminating information, while companies are able to keep track on the level of customer satisfaction through online interaction of vir tual communities.Social media, amidst its disadvantages, is undeniably a reusable tool in adapting to new age consumers preferences and needs. The onset of modern technology changes the trends of various aspects in the society, including marketing. The cost-efficiency of development social media to introduce the product to virtual communities is helpful in the development of the businesss market and profit. With a suitable brand online strategy, the business is introduced to the social media users. An advantage that social media has that other forms of marketing does non have is the chance to listen to a direct feedback and the chance to know what the consumers like or dislike about the product. If taken as a constructive criticism in the part of the management, such comments hind end be an opportunity to develop their products and services. Based on the information discussed at the previous parts of this paper, lead

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research proposal - Essay good exampleThe objective of this study is to sterilise the set of risk factors existent between depression and decline in qualitys and the family relationship between anti-depressant drug use and locomote among the older with depression.The second aim of this study is to narrow a set of risk factors (cognitive function, walking speed, limited ADL function, psychological status and living conditions) that predict depression and fall among the elderly in society.Depression and falls are two common conditions that result in the elderly being taken to the hospital. These conditions go bad the health of older commonwealth (Biderman, Cwikel, Friend, & Galinsky, 2002, p. 631). The specific aim of this study is to determine a set of risk factors (cognitive function, walking speed, impaired activities of daily living function, psychological status and worship of falling) that predict depression and falls among the elderly in society. A further aim of this research is to determine the associations between antidepressant medicines and falls. Many older adults are threatened by frequent falls and, as a result, their injuries reduce their independence and freedom. This student believes that the more knowledge we have about risk factors for falls among the elderly, the better we can care for them, resulting in fewer falls and injuries in the future.Since the elderly often deflect to accept the fact that they are depressed, this condition often goes untreated or undertreated. Both conditions are relatively undiagnosed and undertreated in the primary care (Biderman, Cwikel, Friend, & Galinsky, 2002, p. 632). Studies have shown that both depression and falls are conditions that impair the health of the elderly. In addition, symptoms of depression are found to be common in older people and are associated with an increased risk of falls (Kwan, Lin, Close, & Lord, 2011, p. 612). Falls are

Neo-Liberalism and Global Environmental Governance Essay

Neo-Liberalism and Global Environmental Governance - establish ExampleHuman activities whether political, economic, or kind have to be managed as subsets of ecosystems and the environment. Environmental governance involves the government, occupancy society, and the civil society and necessitates the incorporation of alternative governing systems such as the watershed based guidance (Kutting, 2004). The international community has proven incapable of meeting these requirements, which has led to environmental degradation and the emergence of virgin environmental problems. The international community is experiencing several problems due to globalization. Globalization has led to the improvement of the logistic systems, changes in business and demographic trends and rapid technological progress. This process, however, has led to social and environmental marginalization, widening the gap amidst the rich and the poor, and increasing the gap between information and technology in the rich and poor countries and social groups. Sustainable information calls for the governance of globalization by applying international laws, civil sector domain, and the private sector. The global community has participated in several summits for sustainable suppuration in order to address these issues. ... Resource depletion and environmental degradation could undermine the economy and have to be addressed by all sector actors. liberal institutions conclude that international institutions have considerable power to mobilize policymaking towards sustainable environmental governance. Some actors argue that a body high up in the UN hierarchy has to be established in to necessitate with global environmental and developmental problems. This body would have a mandate and funds to coordinate and modify environmental and developmental problems within the UN. Economic governance was developed by the UN to promote economic prosperity. The conception Bank was established to lend capita l to governments for development and poverty alleviation. The GATT agreement promoted global prosperity by means of the establishment of free markets. The World Bank together with donor governments promoted the idea of liberal market themes, which would also govern resource allocation. UNEP has enacted several laws in the areas of marine pollution, disposal of hazardous wastes, and depletion of the ozone layer. This body linked development and environmental depletion, which forced developed nations to reduce its budgetary allocation. The developed framework has established several institutions in various countries that deal with environmental issues. Developed nations have in the past used environmental laws to specialise innovation, intellectual property protection, and macroeconomic management in developing countries. Several developing countries have acquired development loans from the World Bank and other developed nations. These loans have increased the national debt of thes e countries, making poverty levels unmanageable. These governments buy the farm most

Primordial Sound Meditation Essay Example for Free

Primordial Sound Meditation EssayDonna Miesbach opens the lecture asking if anyone participates in supposition. Her fellowship begins for her at the age of 17. The passion she emits when t each(prenominal)ing primordial sound hypothesis is evident with the discussion she leads. instructive about Dr. Deepka Chopa making the Vedic tradition of India available and able to read to many bulk. Bringing surmise back into society. Meditation basis be described as entering a state of everlasting(a) aw areness. Meditation is about oneself you with your fountainhead. A place you can fulfill your purpose, get in tune with your soul, no stress, anxiety or fear. Meditation relieves stress and helps to remember self wholeness. It rejuvenates the cells to wake up, relaxes the corporal, mental and energy ashes, introduces serenity, felicity and clarity all while bringing balance to every area of life.Meditation is stated as a three maltreat process. The basis starts with our state of mind. many conceits stimulate and stress our emotional, mental, energy and physical bodies. The meditation station describes the normal state of mind of not being normal but perverted with effects of receiving sensory stimuli that react in un functionled ways. Also that our thoughts can be opposing of each other, thoughts that bring warm, cuddly, relaxed emotions can also initiate fear, anxiety and paranoia. A tool used to transition thru meditation is Mantra, defined as man=mind and tra=instrument so as a whole puppet of the mindThe first step of meditation is gaining control over our mind, to concentrate. All effects are straight off or indirectly in all areas of the body and mind. Concentration derived from the Latin words To Center or fixed center point offers mental influence and mental imaging, looking at the word as a whole can be further defined as bring to a public point. and the act or state of bringing to a fixed point or focus. With concentration you are bring ing the highest forms of energy, power and forces to a focus point , keeping it from dissolving over multiple areas. focussed concentration can be difficult to achieve with current lifestyle, duties of family, work, school, schedules, appointments all correlate to keep the mind restless.With the obstacles of swirling thoughts, applying the control of voluntary attention and exercising self will are key to facilitate ones control of attention and will . Practicing paying attention to concentration, you gain the experience to exercise your will to on the dot be witness to any distracting thoughts that populate instead of using imagination or daydreams in lieu of concentrating on the object of your meditation. So primarily the goal in the first area of meditation is to concentrate, provide un obligate attention and focus on one object whether its a personalized mantra, a saying, chant or actual object.The next step instructed is mind and body connection and silencing of the mind bes t(p) known as Meditation. In meditation the attention is unbroken, effortless, a steady flow of concentration. The focused attention is also utilize to the object of meditation and the state of meditation that initiates deeper and deeper concentration which then proclaims received knowledge, universal awareness and can begin to restore balance. You become connected to feelings, sensations and everything connected to that object. Best quoted is Albert Einstein Everything in the universe is copulation to everything else This deep concentration and connection ultimately brings your meditation to connect you to everything uniting your object and your mind.The final step of meditation occurs in the state of contemplation and ultimate consciousness. The experience of not being conscious of good our body and thoughts but being part of the universe and cosmos. Some imply it is a birthright and need to attune to this state of realization, truth, consciousness and bliss. You become conn ected to the universe as it is connected to you in a simple, spontaneous action. Nothing is forced, what happens is what is supposed to happen. Meditation takes practice.Overall patience and understanding to accomplish the deepest form of meditation requires you to have the abilities of focusing on an object, reject unwanted/unwarranted thoughts not related to the object, promoting the power to controlled thoughts, the strength to stop them, comprehension to separate ones self from thoughts, and all is done to master and achieve a placid mind. This deep state of meditation refers to the tacit mind as a powerful experience. A silent mind is related to being alert and sensitive to surroundings, compassionate towards others, removing harmful notions from the mind, judgments, rejection, hatred, anger, jealousy and any thought process that is implying one of being wrapped in ones own confusions.Primordial sound mediation is best explained as a healing practice. Experience inner peace and it reminds oneself of our essence, improves inspiration, compassion, love, health, enthusiasm and creativity in periodic living and relations. Primordial sounds consist of basic, essential sounds and vibrations from nature. Mantras are primordial sounds that are depicted from the Vedic mathematics, which work the exact sound or vibrations developed using the date, time and location of a persons birth.If used in good order to influence the quieting of the mind, you can fall into meditation easier and faster. The mantra guides you from levels of clustered thought activities, to complete silence. You are no long-life affected by internal commotion and are able to in-tune to true, and peaceful awareness of the universe. This allows the mind, physical body and energy network that supports and sustains the physical body ability to function at maximum effectiveness. Mantra deepens meditation, it blesses our lives with the universe ,provides true knowledgeable wealth of the soul, giv es a roadmap to heightened awareness and clears, relaxes, and rejuvenates the body..There are many types, forms and ways of meditation. All meditation types possess the ability to restore physical, mental and emotional self well being. The fact that we use rough 5% of our minds substantiates the importance of relaxing beyond the busyness and ciaos. Other meditation can include walking, simple, mindfulness, journey, vibrational and central channel meditation, all techniques allow anyone to incorporate and fit into their lifestyle. The tasks of the present day insist that people are more human doings with the constant feeling of needing to be doing something or going somewhere, forever doing. We need to be referring to ourselves as human beings so it incorporates the importance of attention, concentration, self peace and we are just beings here to be

China in Africa Essay Example for Free

China in Africa EssayIn abbreviated the NAI Policy Dialogue headlands the World Bank recommendations for large scale market-gardening to solve the productivity and rightfulness problems in African agriculture. The whole issue of property rights is intimately linked to the question about agriculture and development. The contribution by Benjaminsen and Sjaastad on aspects of property rights formalization in Africa draws on recent processes in Mali and Tanzania. A general conclusion is that the formalization of property rights in rural areas is a very complex and baffling issue. There is a high risk of the process being co-opted by officials and a wealthy elite, if needful provisions are non made. Finally, Kjell Havnevik draws our attention to the relationship mingled with inequality and climate change. This contribution is base on a presentation he made in Berlin in June 2007. Decoding the evolving ChinaAfrica relations is the theme of an article written by NAI Research Dir ector Fantu Cheru. He suggests that policies and programmes to deal with the present imbalances between China and Africa require us to revisit and redefine the NEPAD agenda.A regional approach will, in his opinion, avail African countries to negotiate from a stronger and better platform. During 2008 queryers at NAI will continue to devote attention to this topic. In our interview section we present one interview with Martha Qorro, professor in English language, on the question about the language of instruction in Tanzania. She is of the opinion that the best way to teach English is not to use it as the language of instruction. She also responds to the question why the question of language of instruction has pop off such a sensitive political issue in Tanzania.In our second interview Jerome Verdier, president of the Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, points to the fact that the TRCs part of the conflict resolution is nothing new. Liberia has a write up of resolving com munity conflicts at the round table. But in the past there were no protracted conflicts, such as the recent 4 year period of massive human rights violation. In the research section we present the result of a conference which took place at NAI, Uppsala, in September 2007 regarding the ongoing discussions between EU and the ACP countries on Economic Partnership Agreements.The discussion at the conference highlighted the lack of confederacy between the poverty alleviation goal and the reality of the negotiations, despite numerous political declarations on two the EU and ACP sides. Key decisions on EPAs will soon be made by EU and ACP ministers. The Africa europium Group of Interdisciplinary Studies, AEGIS, of which NAI is an active member, is presented through three contributions. Photo by Susanne Linderos News from the Nordic Africa get 3/2007 First, we bring you an interview with the AEGIS Chair, Professor Patrick Chabal of Kings College, London.

Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

station Pollution EssayThe use of automobiles in our society today is as ruler as waking up every morning and taking a shower. We argon so dependent on the use of automobiles that we could not see ourselves with tabu them, un slight if we might have to start to consider champion day not using them. Driving a car is the single or so polluting thing that most of us does today or whitethorn be this might not be so rightful(a) anyto a greater extent. Now this is not a untested problem, we have been discussing automobiles causing picnic contaminant for decades, just what is new is the amount of air contamination that is being formed from our automobiles. Since air defilement from automobiles is rapidly increasing heap need to learn what we have done in the past to try and transmute it, what is coming discover of our automobiles, have we done alone we faecal matter to pr fifty-fiftyt it, or can we do more to military service preserve our planet. Now people have been t alking ab unwrap cars and air contaminant for years and years, and it may seem as if we argon still in the same place we were decades ago, but what most do not know is that we have actually tried and accomplished to decrease it.In 1988 The Clean Air Act was passed. It was to decrease emission levels of Carbon Monoxide and other gases, imposes regulation onto businesses to meet certain limits of pollution step forwardturn for the products they develop. Within the next several years, the Acts primary goals were to 1. Decrease automobile pollution by 60% 2. Decrease industrial plant toxic air emissions by 90% 3. Supply spick gas in already polluted cities 4. Decrease due south dioxide (acid rain) emissions from coal-burning electrical plants by 50%.In order to meet these limits, automobile manufactures had to try to make significant developments to decrease emissions and increase fuel-efficiency. They are still striving to produce vehicles with emission levels ranging from half th e current average car level to nada emissions (Andrew Waterman). Cars do not just sit there on the road and cause air pollution the emissions from the car while it is running cause it. The problem is, is that we resort to using gasoline for our source of power.When we frequent gasoline ,which is what we all use when we will up our gas tanks, we are burning cheap, ordinary gasoline that gives off three primary pollutants Hydro hundreds (HC), Carbon Monoxide(CO), and Nitrogen oxides (NO). These products contribute mostly to smog and the ozone in cities much(prenominal) as Los Angeles, California (Andrew Waterman). Now ozone is not in fuels and/or is it a by-product of combustion, it is formed in the atmosphere through a complex set of chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen, and sunlight.In typical urban areas (like Los Angeles) at least half of those pollutants come from cars, buses, and trucks. This is because it is so populated so the use of automobil es much higher than most other cities, and the cause of that is the city being covered in smog more than 70% of the cartridge holder (Michael Bright). Now when most people hear the word hydrocarbon, or carbon monoxide, many would say that they do not know what they are or consist of. This is a problem because this is the stuff that is coming out of our Mercedes-Benz, BMWs, and trucks since we all drive those these days.Now hydrocarbon is any of numerous organic compounds, such as benzene and methane that contains solo carbon and hydrogen. Now it doesnt seem like it would be bad, but carbon monoxide is a color little, odorless, exceedingly poisonous gas, CO, formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon or a carbonaceous material, such as gasoline. And Nitrogen Oxides are NOx Chemical compounds of nitrogen and oxygen produced primarily from the combustion of dodo fuels, they contribute to the formation of cause-level ozone.Now these three chemicals are the main chemicals that a re causing air pollution and the word poisonous gas doesnt sound like its helping our problem (Answers. com Those three unsmooth chemicals are not all that effect air pollution, smog is also another huge one. smogs unpleasant properties result from the irradiation by sunlight of hydrocarbons caused primarily by un burned-over gasoline emitted by automobiles and other combustion sources. smogginess is created by burning coal and heavy vegetable oil that contain sulfur impurities in automobiles, and forms of transportation.The smog consists mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide and fog. Suspended droplets of sulfuric acid are formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and a variety of suspended solid particles. This smog is common during the pass in cities that are highly populated because the use of automobiles is a lot higher than other cities (answers. com) when study cites burned large amounts of heavy oil without control of the output, large-0scale problems were witnessed such as in 1952, even view it was over 50 years ago, we still have problems due to it, in London, England 4,000 people died.They died as a result of that form of fog A. K. A Smog. Now the problem is better today, heavy oil is burned only in large boilers and with reasonably good control and/or tall smokestacks so that industrial smog is less of a problem, but some major countries still burn large quantities of oil without using adequate controls (Tom Socha). Since we know what is coming out of our automobiles, we should also know that it is affecting our schools, elementary, middle and even high schools, especially those near highways even more.One in three U. S. public schools is in the air pollution danger zone. 30% of American public schools are within 400 meters, or a quarter mile, of major highways that consistently serve as main truck and traffic routes. The lash part about(predicate) this study is that it is believed to be the first study of highly populated highways next to sch ools ever. This basically means that our children have been going to school where air pollution is at its highest, and no one has find or done anything about this problem.Major roads play an important role in the economy, but we need to strike a balance between economic and health considerations as we break ground on new areas. It is almost as if no matter how we try to improve emissions coming out of automobiles, it doesnt matter because populations keep growing, and major highways keep getting built (Amanda Harper). With the population increase fooling and the growth of major highways taking place daily it is hard to imagine that air pollution from automobiles could be diminish.What most do not realize is that it has and is still decreasing. Todays vehicles are 80 to 99 percent wiseer per mile that vehicles produced in the late 1960s, even though since 1970, the number of vehicle miles travelled nationwide has increased by 159 percent, from 1. 1 trillion in 1970 to 2. 87 tri llion in 2002 ( clean air program reports). Industries have been making significant improvements compared to the 1960s, when no attempt was made to limit self-propelling air pollution before that.Even though the number of automobiles on the road is increasing by the year, still the emissions from cars have decreased the production of air pollution. Hydrocarbon emissions are down almost 98% from the 1960s levels, while Carbon monoxide levels are down 96%, and nitrogen oxides are down 90%. Smog and air qualities levels are changing for the better in most major cities, but not snow%. The pollution from automobiles is actually coming from only a small group of grossly polluting, newer cars, however, as about 10% of cars on the roes are accounting for 50% of all harmful emissions put out by automobiles.Studies now show that, in fact, automobiles are becoming less of the major contributor to air pollution, but yet are still causing a lot of it (Andrew waterman). Though air pollution from cars has decreased by a lot over the last couple of decades, there are still things we can do to decrease it even more. Further exhaust emission controls for vehicles are approaching the limit of technology, and the only way to ensure healthy air is to markedly reduce our use of cars or to switch to cleanser fuels.Some fuels inherently cleaner than gasoline because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons that are less likely to react in the atmosphere to a form of ozone. These fuels include alcohols, electricity, natural gas, and liquid petroleum (propane). Basic changes in the composition of gasoline itself also can reduce emissions of most air toxics. Unless we dramatically reduce the amount of pollution that newer vehicles emit in actual use or drastically chop back on the amount we drive them, smog free is will continue to be non-existent in major cities (Michael bright).At the same time, with government legislation, increasing knowledge of the bigger picture, and the a bility to profit from shifts toward less pollution, the harmful effects of emissions could/ will eventually be abandoned due to people wanting cleaner, safer, and more efficient means of gaining energy from nature (Andrew waterman). By every day that passes, automobiles pollute the air, may be not as much as they did decades ago, but they still do. The three major pollutants are hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, which are major reasons as to why air pollution is accruing.Now unless we completely change our form of gasoline or just stop using automobiles than we will keep having air pollution affects us. We now know what we have done in the past to try and change it, what is coming out of our automobiles, have we done all we can to prevent it, and the answer is that we have not done all we can to prevent it, because it we did than there would be no reason to talk about air pollution from automobiles because it would be known existent.

History of Beer Essay Example for Free

History of Beer EssayBeer was credibly discovered by accident, when some of the nomadic tribes of the Middle East decided to settle down to an bucolic life depending on the cultivation of grain. In times of plenty the excess might generate been stored for a possible future period of failure.Due to the damp storage condition the grain might have spr come to the foreed and germinated in a desperate bid to salvage the crop they must have do porridge by boiling the sprouted grain with water. This must have released sugar into the liquid resulting in a sweet tasting porridge. This was probably left in open to cool allowing the natural yeast of the strain to settle on the porridge forming alcohol or what was a crude wash.There is evidence that the brewing branch was established in Babylon as early as 6000 B.C. The Egyptians improved upon this process, which was diff employ along the trade routes by the Greeks the Romans. The Romans started brewing on a commercial basis to provid e a substitute to wine. The term rise today covers all beer drinks such as ales, lagers stout. Beer gets its name from Anglo Saxon Word called Beer meaning barleycorn.Beer is the national alconolic beverage of Great Britain. Although the basic traditional method of brewing beer is still being used now the whole production process is controlled by the programme equipment so that each phase is carried out at the exact time required and can be corrected if necessary. By this centralised control, agreement of the brew from batch to batch is better.

The Future of Books Essay Example for Free

The Future of Books EssayThe past tense decade has seen the unparalleled development of electronic devices. And the subversive popularity of e-books plays a crucial role in this process. Nowadays, its quite common to see a portable iPad instead of piles of heavy books in a teenagers backpack. An increasing number of people prefer to tap on screens rather than twirl paper pages. Because of this mounting craze, some people anticipate that with the looming momentum e-books will ultimately take the signal of traditional print books and dominate the market, which has stirred up a heated debate. From my point of view, I very doubt such a pessimistic judgment of the outlook of paper books. People have been employ paper books for thousands of years. In gratitude to paper books for initiating us into the world of knowledge, we have formed a deep-rooted alliance to them, which stays on inwardly all the while. So its hardly feasible to abandon this garb radically. Actually, paper boo ks have already become a part of reading itself. How sens you let those impetuous readers who will go through fire and water for paper books give up the smell of ink and the touch of papers?Nevertheless, those manufacturers salivating over prospects for e-books keep telling us thither ar a level-headed number of advantages in order to plunge customers into the craze and boost sales. But if you consider their recommendations carefully, you can divulge that e-books are not completely ideal choices. Firstly, they say that e-books are much cheaper. Apparently, they make no advert of the fact that e-readers are expensive. Whats more, lets take iPad as an example.Apple Inc has already shipped leash generations of iPad. So a lot of consumers keep trading up almost annually regardless of the amply price, which amounts to a waste of money to some extent. Secondly, some people say that e-books own better portability. In most cases, however, we only need to carry one or two books with us, which is not that inconvenient. On the contrary, e-readers can be targets of theft and batteries are readily dead, which will afflict users a lot. But traditional books are devoid of these problems.Last but not least, there are really too many distractions on e-readers, which may make us sink into other entertainments and use e-readers secondarily for reading, not to mention its impose on _or_ oppress to our eyesight. All in all, I believe with the craze simmering down, people will smell the coffee and find that e-books cannot hold a candle to paper books in many ways and make their sane decisions by choice. E-books wont emulate traditional books and take charge of the whole market. We wont pine for the passing golden age of traditional books in that they will be always there waiting for us.

Fastenal Case Essay Example for Free

Fastenal Case EssayThe comprehensive neckcloth is an everyplaceview of Fastenal Canada LTD and how it relates to gross revenue management.The document first provides an base to the problem and association background of Fastenal, which includes a description of various views of Fastenal. It further goes into compass point about the recommendations that relates to the two main parties involved, which argon the customers and the company itself.The document also includes an in-depth implementation design, which is broken carry out into short, medium, and long-term tasks to accomplish. with out the document thither is a mention of the vendor managed stocktaking precedent (VMI). By using VMI, we were able to white plague a distinguishable come up to avoid risks associated with the bricks and mortar approach. Fastenal should take aim to implement the following business plan beca practice session a well thought out analysis went into find out the problem and coming up w ith a solution for the future growth of the company. All decisions were made with the company in mind and focusing on the strong relationship between the costumer and Fastenal.IntroductionFastenal Canada LTD is a subsidiary of Fastenal Company, which was founded in 1967. Fastenal Canada LTD operates as a wholesaler and retailer of industrial and construction supplies in Canada. They endure over 200 stores crossways Canada, 66 of which are in the western region. Fastenals growth strategy has always relied heavily on new store opening beca expend the high demand for its products and function across Canada (Fastenal, 2012).It tends to be risky as well as costly when opening stores using the bricks and mortar approach. The introduction of the vendor managed inventory model (VMI) has been advantageous. Fastenal receives an electronic data via email, informing them of its distributor sales and inventory expect level. This system makes it fast and efficient for the customers and sales associates. Fastenal interprets the electronic data and there is an automatic responsibility of maintaining the inventory level for the customer. Fastenal is looking for a different expansion model approach to be used as a growth driver in Western Canada. Our new proposed strategy gives Fastenal the office not besides maintains its desired identity but it gives them the ability to increase the market share and tap into a unused new market. Our goal is to assess the situation in hand and work in the given surroundings to keep the strong customer relationships since it is an important component in the company.Problem DefinitionHow preempt Fastenal use its new vendor managed inventory model to increase its market share?End market sales during the months of 2012 grew 19.8% from the manufacturing customers while the residential construction customers grew 17.9% (Fastenal, 2012). The advantage to VMI is that it releases the customer of having to worry about the level of their inven tories. Fastenal interpret the electronic data and automatic take control of the responsibility of maintaining the inventory level for the customer.How can Fastenal reduce monetary risk?Every scenario where there is a change in the way things are done or achieved there is always risks to failure or loss. In many cases where there is loss or failure, there is often a way that it could defecate been avoided or done differently to avoid the negative outcome. Fastenal postulate to avoid these situations by planning ahead and finding ways to avoid the risks that whitethorn pose problems or loss in the near future. Bricks and Mortar approach induces many pecuniary risks so another approach is necessary to prevent them.Situation AnalysisCustomers and the sales force are the stakeholders who are most affected. steadfast customer relationships are the essence of Fastenals success and form an important component of their competitive advantage.The problem arises due the to lack of educati on the customer has about ordering online which deceases the efficiency PartStore has to offer. Ordering online reduces rushing the part to the counter or waiting on the phone. Customers are also able to check parts accessibility and prices, as well as place an order. However when PartStore was introduced there was some confusion with it. Creating a foreclose relationship between the customer and sales person. RecommendationsConsignment InventoryConsignment inventory usually involves the supplier, placing inventory at a customers location without getting rid of its go awaypower of the inventory. Since the owner retains the ownership of its products the customer does not pay until it is sold or used. However, before we examine how Fastenal can benefit from our proposed commitment program it is important to first examine some potential market of interest.The City of EdmontonAccording Edmontons 2012 budget report, almost all municipalities across Canada face a significant infrast ructure deficit. Neighborhood change occurred periodically with funding from other orders of government, yet it failed to address the full life-cycle requirements of preventative maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Over time, the condition of roads, sidewalks and sewers deteriorated, resulting in more frequent collapsed sewers, increased sidewalk hazards, and dramatically increased maintenance like pothole repairs. The top executive of Infrastructure and Funding Strategy highlighted the need for ongoing funding for neighborhood infrastructure to overcome an anticipate $2.2 billion funding gap in neighborhood roads and related infrastructure. This situation provides a horrific opportunity for Fastenal to penetrate and serve this market.Market potentialThe total number of potential infrastructure that ask to be fixed in any given time is the market. The market potential for Fastenal products in units would be equal to the number of potential infrastructure that requi re repairing, assuming that each infrastructure repair would use Fastenal product.Fastenal can benefit for inventory consignment within the city of Edmonton, however administration is important to derive how the current business model can be used to Fastenals advantage in delivering the services. debauched 5000 is a vending machine that provides workers with immediate access to materials and equipments. The dissolute 5000 machine is installed at customer sends and Fastenal keeps them modify with needed products ranging from safety equipments, cutting tools supplies to office supplies.Fastenal handles everything from the delivery of the machines to the installation and restocking of the machine whenever the inventory level becomes low. Through the flexible web reporting system Fastenal customers are able to view and manage the machines inventory usage. Cory Jansen, Fastenals Vice President of Internal Operation have claims that having the spendthrift 5000 have decreased produ ction consumption in many cases by more than 30 percent (City of Edmonton, 2012).In the thick of 2.2 billion dollar worth of infrastructure repairs that the city of Edmonton needs, someone pull up stakes have to supplies this market with their unavoidable materials and tools to complete the repair work. Fastenal should approach the city of Edmonton with a proposal outlining how the FAST 5000 can be unspoilt to the construction site and within the city offices.The city of Edmonton as a corporation serves a macrocosm of more than 750,000 residents the corporation is segmented into seven different departments each department is responsible for providing a picky service to Edmonton residents. We suggest that Fastenal concentrate on the four main departments within the corporation that is more plausibly to benefit from the FAST 5000 or the FAST 3000 services, which are the Office of the City Manager, Sustainable Development, Transportation service and Infrastructure Services.Office of the City Manager will benefit from the FAST 5000 if Fastenal stocks them with office supplies, such as pens, pencils, papers, etc. Since each development must(prenominal) akin to a strict budget the FAST 5000 can provide the solutions to maintaining those budget, by reducing product consumption, having on-hand inventory, and administration cost, while providing new insight into usage and pass habit that can be used toward next years City budget.Fastenal can implement the aforementioned(prenominal) strategy within other municipalities across Canada. ImplementationFastenal needs to place a unit in each site under the City of Edmonton. We believe it to be reasonable to set one to troika year goal to place a FAST 5000 machine in each site over the next three years. First step is to write up a proposal to bring to the Simon Farbrother, who must approve it. He is the city manager and makes the major decisions in these cases. This process can take up to three months to be able to present the proposal. This also creates awareness of the product to the potential client. The proposal must go through other levels of approval and be voted on by the city council, therefore this may take another three months.Once the plan is approved the production and distribution can be put into motion. The city of Edmonton has many different branches and sites in the Edmonton area. The marketing department in Fastenal will hold up to put together the proposal and presentation. The marketing department will create a miniature FAST 5000 as part of a urge on kit along with a formal written proposal. The press kit will also open up and contain testimonials from previous clients Fastenal has worked with. It will also have a brief description of the key factors and attributes of the FAST 5000 and what sets it apart from prior units.Once the plan is approved, Fastenal will be required to submit the bet to the city manager. Since Fastenal is the sole provider of the vendor managed inv entory systems (FAST 5000, FAST 3000). This implies that there is only one supplier that can fulfill the requirement and that any attempt to observe call ins would only result in one supplies being able to call up on the contract which is Fastenal. The bid will contain the benefits and costs of going through with the deal and the estimated completion date of placing the units in different sites throughout Edmonton.Once the city has awarded them the contract they will immediately move forward, and Fastenal will provide the services as stated in the proposal. Fastenal will place the minimum required machines in each site as outlined by the contract.Time LineImmediately Delivering unitsWeek 1 Submitting a bidWeek 2 Proposal3 months Meeting with Simon Farbrother 3 months Vote by city council6 months Full ApprovalTBA Expansion into further sites and marketsBudgetSince we do not have any costs that are being associated with this project our cost is zero, therefore the budget is not pre sent. riskiness and mitigationRisk MitigationUnderperformance of sales force * Bring on a skilled group * Have the team mentor new people * Make teamwork part of the culture * Hire skillful and enthusiastic employees gross revenue loss on FAST machines * Proper training * Information to customer about store * finding good location Unrealistic customer and schedule expectations * Make the customer feel comfortable and at ease * Set schedule goals around frequent deliveries ConclusionThe problems we wanted to address were How can Fastenal use its new vendor managed inventory model to increase its market share? and How can Fastenal reduce financial risk? Our new proposed strategy gives Fastenal the ability to not only maintains its desired identity but it gives them the ability to increase its market share and tap into a fresh new market. Strong customer relationships are the essence of Fastenals success and have formed an important part of their competitive advantage. Our business purposed plan intended to keep the strong customer relationships. Through our implementation approach we have demonstrated how Fastenal can transform its current solution into a continued transparent business model. Fastenals opportunities will be awarded by the skill and creativity they have to meet the customer demands.ReferenceCity of Edmonton. (2012). Budget. Retrieved April 2012, from http//www.edmonton.ca/city_government/budget_taxes/budget-2012.aspxFastenal. (2012). Fastenal . Retrieved April 2012, from http//www.fastenal.comMackenzie, H. (. (2008). gross revenue Managment in Canada (1st Edition ed.). (D. Thompson, Ed.) Toronto, Ontario, Canada Person Prentice Hall.

POLC in the School System Essay Example for Free

POLC in the School System Essay retributive like any other geological formation, a school system would not be sufficient to social function properly without an efficient administrator and an potent administration process. In the case of school systems, the administrator would be the superintendent of the school. As the administrator, the superintendent serves as both the leader and the manager of the school.In order to be a successful and efficient administrator, the superintendent should focus on four beas planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In the case of planning, the administrator should be able to pinpoint appropriate goals for the whole school system. The goal usually carries prospects for progress, equality, and concord. As carve up of the planning process, the administrator should also be able to identify the best courses of satisfy in fulfilling the chosen goals. Such goals should be evaluated at a regular basis so as to assess if they are ion line with the demands of time.After planning the goals and the ways towards its achievement, the administrator should be able to put those plans into action. Organizing is as of the essence(p) as the plan itself. As such, the cutting administrator should be able to formulate task and license relations. He should be able to establish an organizational set-up that will allow the school system to expeditiously and quickly make the vision, a reality, if he/she may deem the present set-up is inappropriate. As the leader of the school, the new administrator should also be able to influence people- from the students to the teachers, and even the other sectors involved in establishing an effective educational system such as the community, the parents, governmental agencies, and many more.He or she should be able to motivate and unite them, and provide them with a common goal for the educational welfare of the students and for the encouragement of harmony and efficiency of learning and teachi ng processes. He or she should be able to encourage everyone to work towards a common goal, which is usually the mission and vision of the school.Lastly, after ensuring the plans, the set-up and the people are all set for action the administrator should be able to control the organization. Control should not be equated with stringent and numerous laws and regulations matched with confused sanctions. Instead, it should be associated with the establishment of precise evaluation processes that will allow the administrator to measure and monitor the organizations development at regular basis overtime, in accordance with the established goals.ReferencesBrennen, Annick M. (n.d.) The Administration of uncomplicated Schools. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//www.soencouragement.org/admin-of-elementary-schools.htmThe Management Process Today (n.d.) Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073011223/317076/samplechapter.pdf

Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Supply and Demand EssayChapter 3Supply and DemandQuestion 1. fleet a demand curve with an correspondence scathe and quantity, show what exceeds on your diagram when each of the side by side(p) events occurs. Explain whether each of the following events represents a (i) shift of the demand curve or (ii) a apparent movement along the demand curve.(a) A store owner finds that customers are willing to pay more for umbrellas on rainy days(b) When XYZ Telecom, a long-distance telephone service provider, offered reduced prices for its services on weekends, the people of weekend calling increased sharply. Question 2. The following table represents the demand and submit for orchids (a type of flower). fleck the curves on the diagram belowa) Graph both the supply (S0) and the demand (D0) curves. What is the current equilibrium price and quantity?b) Something has happen to the supply of orchids and the new supply curve is given above. Graph the new supply curve. Is there a temporar y shortage or surplus before the market adjusts? What is the new equilibrium price and quantity?c) Name all the factors that could shift the supply curve like it has?Question 3. In the following situation, draw the market for wheat After each event described below, what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity as a result? Draw a diagram and be sure to label everything.(i) Due to good weather, 1997 was a very good year for Prairie wheat growers, who produced a bumper crop of wheat. At the same time, there is an announcement by the Canadian Health Organization reflexion that corn is bad for your heart.

Jury Trail Analysis Essay Example for Free

Jury Trail Analysis EssayA Jury Trail is a trial run that proceeds like any other trial however the judges do not delineate guilt or innocence in the case. A group of people that have been selected by both the defense and the prosecution sides in the case. These people that have been selected have sworn to inquire into matters of fact and ara a verdict on the basis of the evidence that during the case has been presented to them(Thefreedictionary, 2013). The trial by panel has perish the central role in the criminal justice system. The Jury Trail has been known as an fair was for a soulfulness to get a fair trial.This is based on that the person being tried and true having people just like them minus the crime being the hotshot to decided guilt of innocence. The travel in a board trial are as follows, selection of board, the trial, the judge charge, deliberation, the verdict (Thefreedictionary, 2013). The jury selection process is quite a process. It starts with the county calling in its citizens for what is called a Voir Dire. This is the process by which citizens are questi angiotensin-converting enzyme(a)d before being selected to hear evidence as juror (Thefreedictionary, 2013). by and by the questioning process the selected jury entrust be sworn in to hear evidence in the case. The trial is where both sides will present their evidence and arguments in the case. This is also were the judge may give remarks to the jury. Sides will give crack speeches, witnesses are called for direct and cross-examination and exhibits are presented (Thefreedictionary, 2013). Once both sided have presented their sides of the arguments they will give summary and culmination arguments. The judges charge is after the defense and the prosecutions have presented their case and have stipulation their oddment arguments.The judge instructs the jury as to what laws apply to the case and what those laws mean(Nolo, 2013). The judge could also give the jury much in formation on the case and allow them to see evidence that was presented in the case. The Deliberation is when the jury goes into a private inhabit to discuss the case and reach a decision. They may talk to no one except the Judge if they have questions. The verdict is when the jury returns to the courtroom and the foreperson announces the decision. The attorneys may ask that the jury be polled(Nolo, 2013).This is when each juror is asked separately there decision on each charge in the case. After the jury has made and read their decision on the case the judge will decide what the judgment of conviction will be for each count in the case. The selection of a fair and unbiased jury has a process that may take some time. The court that is handling the trial will submit in many different people that live in the area. Then they are asked a unsex of questions pertaining to their thoughts about certain topics that may or may not pertain to the case that they will or will not hear.The ju ry that is picked has to be chosen by both sides, the prosecutor and the defense team have to agree for the person to be made a jury member. A person has to take the stand the courts that they dont hold resentment towards a certain action, class of people, groups, actions on a person or the courts itself. The jury that is then chosen is taken to a room and sworn in and given instructions on what the dos and donts are during their duty. The sixth amendment is a part of the administration that gives the public the reclaim to a public trial in criminal cases.These are where the court room is open to friends and family of the suspect and the victim of the crime. It also allow for a person to get a jury trial and a speedy trial. The confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment gives defendants the right to be confronted by the witnesses against them. This gives defendants the right to cross-examine witnesses that is, the right to require the witnesses to come to court, look the defe ndant in the eye, and subject themselves to questioning by the defense(Nolo, 2013). The sixth amendment also provides that all people have the right to be represented by and attorney.A defendant shall provide their own defense if they cannot afford a attorney the judge will appoint one for them at no cost to them. They also have the right to adequate representation. If there attorney of the one appointed to them by the courts does not, call favorable witnesses, object to mistakes, uses drugs, or a attorney that no ache can handle cases, then they do not have adequate representation. There is a clause in the Fifth Amendment that states a person will be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

Creation of the CIA Essay Example for Free

Creation of the CIA EssayDespite the popular perceptions generated by Tom Clancy novels and crowd Bond movies, American password concourse was non a Cold state of war invention it has existed since the Republics founding. George majuscule organized his own news show unit during the Revolutionary war, sending spies behind enemy lines and overseeing counterespionage operating theatres. In 1790, just now deuce-ace years later the Constitutional Convention, Congress acknowledged executive prerogative to conduct cognizance operations and gave then- prexy Washington a secret unvouchered fund for spies, if the gentleman so pleases. 1 apprehension has been a segment of American overseas policy ever since.More important for our purposes, Americas growing involvement in populace affairs during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led to the establishment of several permanent recognition organizations. In 1882, the Office of Naval news (ONI) was named and ch arged with collecting technical data about distant navy ships and weapons. terce years later, the section of state of war accomplished its own news program unit the soldiers intelligence activity Division (MID). In 1908, the Federal place of Investigation opened its doors. By the 1930s, the FBI had become the nations preeminent counterespionage chest of drawers and had branched into forcening give-and-take activities in Latin America.2The State Department, mean turn, had developed an expertise and a mission, which focused on overt cultivation collection. Finally, several critical issuings sparked the creation of a new war succession primordial intelligence agency under the enunciate caputs of Staff, the Office of strategical Services (OSS), which collected information, analyzed tippy intelligence, and carried out a range of covert, subversive operations abroad from propaganda, to sabotage, to para armament operations. By the end of being warfare II, these fi ve bureaucratic actors were vying for their own place in the postwar intelligence arena.3 This was hardly the homogeneous straightforward War versus Navy Department environment that gave rise to the matter aegis department Council system or the Joint Chiefs of Staff.It is frequently cited that former chairwoman Truman never thought that when he created the CIA it would ever be affect in peacetime covert operations. In 1964 Allen Dulles, one of the most influential Directors of cardinal tidings in CIA history, challenged Trumans remarks, construction that although Truman did non care for dirty Gestapo tactics, the CIA had certainly performed them during his presidency.4 This paper will chronicle the transformation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) into the Central news show power. It also will examine how and why the peacetime Central Intelligence authority came to possess many of the same powers as its wartime predecessor. In particular this paper will focus on t he OSS legacy of covert operations and how the CIA inherited that legacy.The Creation of CIADuring homo War II, the OSS wielded broad powers, including clandestine intelligence gathering and covert political warfare. William Donovan, Director of the OSS, exhorted the social united States to maintain the OSS or a close likeness of it in the post-war period. The end of the war and the reminder of an another(prenominal) secret organization that waged covert political warfare, the national socialist Gestapo, influenced President Truman to dissolve the OSS. However, as the United States gradually entered the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the necessity of a peacetime intelligence agency became apparent. To meet the need, Truman created the Central Intelligence base (CIG) in 1946.5In 1947 Congress change the CIG into the Central Intelligence mental representation (CIA). The powers of the CIA increased dramatically as U.S. policymakers began to perceive an increasing threat of Sovie t-Communists dead set(p) on world domination. By 1952 the CIA closely resembled the wartime OSS, having the same authority and capabilities. At the same time the War Crimes Trials were being conducted at Nuremberg, American intelligence officers were secretly interviewing high-ranking German officers to determine their potential emolument in supplying intelligence on the Soviet Union.Three critical chargets were remarkable influences on the Truman government officials who founded and built the CIA. The first was the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, which exhibit that the United States was unprepared, not for want of information, but because no tool existed to filter and analyze the large volume of available information in a way that could produce accurate intelligence. This infamous intelligence failure clearly demonstrated that the security of the United States would be outstandingly compromised until it developed a peacetime centralise intelligence agency.6The se cond significant event was Stalins seizure of political and armed forces conceal of most of Eastern Europe in infraction of his wartime understanding with the Allied Powers. The fighting in Europe had only recently ended when American and foreign reports on Soviet activities in the occupied territories began to distress leaders in Washington, London, and other capitals. The third event concerned the sponsorship by Soviet and Chinese Communists of the North Korean invasion of South Korea. This sponsorship heightened Cold War tensions and strengthened the conviction of policy makers to buttress the CIAs power to fight communism. Pearl Harbor illustrated the need for a peacetime central intelligence service and the Cold War struggle with the Soviet Union galvanized the Truman Administration to create a peacetime intelligence organization with quasi-wartime powers.During World War II, the United States created the first American centralized intelligence agency, the Office of Strategi c Services (OSS). On June 13, 1942, a Military Order issued by President Roosevelt created the OSS and apt(p) it broad powers that included intelligence analysis, clandestine collection, and paramilitary, psychological and political warfare.7 The agency operated under the authority of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It was devoted to the business of sabotage, espionage, counterespionage, and covert action, hallmarks that would be passed on to its successor, the CIA. The OSS was involved in some(prenominal)(prenominal) intelligence gathering and clandestine political warfare. To combine both of these capabilities in one agency, Donovan assigned different functions to separate branches of the OSS. Three of the main branches of the OSS were Special Operations (SO), occult Intelligence (SI), and Counterintelligence (X-2).8The OSS was extremely successful in carrying out covert operations. The first important OSS covert operation was conducted in North Africa. Several assassinations, alle gedly including that of Vichy French admiral Darlan, were carried out by the Morale and Special Operation departments of the Psychological Warfare Division of the OSS. The success of the operation earned the burgeoning agency great respect and notoriety, especially in regards to covert action. The CIA would soon inherit the OSSs wartime acquire and assassination methods.9 The OSS was also remarkably successful in setting up and maintaining clandestine agents in Thailand. The OSS realised a solid foundation for future CIA activities in the Southeast Asia.10Even early in World War II, paramilitary and political covert operations gained support of high-level figures, such as Roosevelt and Eisenhower, and began to bulk large the accomplishments of intelligence collection. The OSS emphasis on covert paramilitary operations would be one of the primary legacies passed on to the CIA As historian John Ranelagh noted, The benefits of covert paramilitary action in peacetime tended to be fav orably regarded on the basis of a romantic recollection of these wartime experiences of the OSS.11 Perhaps the most important legacy the OSS bestowed upon the CIA was that of former OSS military force who filled the ranks of the fledgling CIA with experienced intelligence officers. Four OSS veterans, Allen Dulles, Richard Helms, William Colby, and William Casey, went on to become Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency.throughout the war, the OSS proved to be invaluable in both intelligence collection and covert operations, clearly illustrating the advantages of unite these 2 capabilities in one agency. In 1944 President Franklin Roosevelt requested a secret memorandum on the subject of a postwar intelligence service from General Donovan, OSS chieftain. Donovan exhorted President Roosevelt to create a permanent, global intelligence service after the wars end. Donovan anticipated the Cold War struggle When our enemies are defeated the get will be equally pressing for infor mation that will aid us in solution the problems of peace.12 Donovan went on to argue that the OSS had the trained and specialized personnel needful for the task. This talent should not be dispersed.13Donovans marriage marriage offer was foiled by the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who wanted the FBI to have the exclusive righteousness to collect and analyze intelligence on a global level. Hoover obtained a copy of Donovans proposal for a postwar intelligence service and leaked the top-secret document to the boodle Tribune. The newspaper printed a upshot of inflammatory stories about Donovans plan to create a super-spy network. Congressional uproar, no doubt spurred by the severity press, caused the peacetime central intelligence agency proposal to be shelved.14 The cautious Roosevelt was optimistic about Donovans plan, but offered no guarantees. After Roosevelts death and the close of the war, President Truman stated in a letter to Do novan that said he would liquidate those wartime activities of the Office of Strategic Services which will not be needed in time of peace.15 Truman feared Donovans proposed centralized peacetime intelligence agency might one day be used to spy on Americans.16However, the reminders of Pearl Harbor and the intensifying Soviet aggressions made Truman realize that the United States could no longer abandon its role as a world leader and, as such, it would require a formidable centralized intelligence agency. Even forwards Truman abolished the OSS, he recognized the necessity and requested proposals for the creation of an organization to compare and coordinate intelligence.17 Upon learning of Trumans plan to disband the OSS and transfer functions to separate agencies, Donovan sent a memorandum to President Truman, on September 13, 1945, pleading that in the national interest, and in your own interest as the Chief Executive, that you will not permit this to be done.18President Truman, i gnoring Donovans objections, issued Executive Order 9621 on September 20, 1945, title Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions.19 According to the Order, the State Department took over the OSS look for and Analysis Branch, while the War Department adopted the remnants of the OSS clandestine collection and counterintelligence branches, which it named the Strategic Services Unit (SSU). The capability that the wartime OSS had developed to perform subversive operations abroad was officially abandoned.20In December 1945 Truman deliberated proposals from both the State Department and the Joint Chiefs for a new centralized intelligence agency. Truman ultimately opted for a cut version of the more simplistic and workable Joint Chiefs proposal.21 The result was the creation of the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) on January 22, 1946. Naval Reserve Rear Admiral Sidney Souers was selected to be the first Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). Preside nt Truman invited Souers to the White dwelling house two days after creating the CIG to award him a black apparel and dagger as symbols of his new office.22The CIG was drastically understaffed, consisting primarily of officers borrowed from the State Department and the military operate. The new agency was only a shadow of the wartime OSS. The CIG had no authorization to collect clandestine foreign information from agents in the field or to form a consensus based on information gathered from other intelligence agencies. The primary function of the agency was to coordinate the flow of intelligence to policymakers. Truman attempted to keep covert action, a prominent part of the OSS, out of this peacetime agency.23In reference to the directive creating the CIG, Truman stated, No police, law enforcement or essential security functions shall be exercised under this directive.24 Compromises in the Joint Chiefs plan to appease the State Department and the Bureau of the Budget had made t he CIG an interdepartmental body that lacked its own budget and personnel.25 However, President Truman greatly appreciated the mundane Summary produced by the CIG. The Daily Summary was prepared according to Trumans own specifications, and when complete satisfied his requirements, it salvage him the time of having to search through the hundreds of intelligence reports that normally flooded into the White House.26Rear Admiral Sidney Souers, after five months as DCI, was replaced with U.S. Army Air Forces Lieutenant General Hoyt S. Vandenberg. DCI Vandenberg had an impressive military record and had the type slug and ambition necessary to build the CIG into an agency that wielded great power. In just one year as Director, Vandenberg broadened the CIGs power to incorporate an independent budget and work force and won the authority to collect and analyze, as well as collate, intelligence. The CIG expanded in importance as the United States attempted to contain the Soviet Union in Eur ope.27At this point, all sides thought the intelligence battle was over. Donovan and OSS were out of the picture, the State Department had come back into the fold, and the death chair had created a Central Intelligence Group, which left each department to run its own intelligence affairs. As Truman and his warring military services now turned to drafting a compromise military unification bill, the intelligence consensus was clear any legislation should include provisions codifying the presidents CIG directive. Doing so would freeze the existing intelligence system into law, insulating it from the whims or desires of future political players. On this much, at least, the War and Navy departments agreed.28The Central Intelligence Group did not. Ink on the CIG directive had hardly dried before the agency began taking on a life and agenda of its own. CIGs problems were apparent from the start. During the early months of 1946, departmental intelligence services readily bypassed the c entral agency, sending their information and taking their case directly to the president They provided CIG with a small budget and a meager, mediocre staff. They refused to share raw intelligence and ignored the agencys efforts to reconcile or synthesize conflicting information. As Anne Karalekas writes, the intelligence units jealously guarded both their information and what they believed were their prerogatives in providing policy guidance to the President, making CIGs primary mission an exercise in futility.29 The problem was simple CIGs success hinged on the generosity of those who wanted it to fail. Trumans directive appeared to be working too well.Frustrated with their agencys impotence, CIG officials soon began pressing for demonstrable changes. In their capacity as case Intelligence Authority members, the Secretaries of War, Navy and State granted or so significant concessions. But these were not enough. In July of 1946, CIG General Counsel Lawrence R. Houston sent a draf t history for the government activity of a Central Intelligence Agency to the White House which sought to transform CIG from a small planning staff to a legally established, fairly sizable, operating agency.30This move came as an terrible surprise to the White House, which was now deep embroiled in the unification conflict. As Troy writes, In this perspective, where the White House had the difficult problem of getting generals and admirals to agree on a fundamental reorganization of their services, the legislative problem of the CIG must(prenominal) have seemedan unwelcome detail.31 As the War and Navy Departments moved towards compromise, the president and his legislative drafting team hardened toward CIG. By January, when the military finally agreed to a encyclopedic unification bill, the White House was in no mood to humor CIGs demands that the legislation specifically summary CIA functions, make the Director of Central Intelligence a statutory nonvoting member of the NSC , provide procurement authorities, or grant the CIA power to coordinate foreign intelligence activities and operate centrally where appropriate. Such controversial measures imperil to reignite military opposition and reopen the entire unification conflict.32Thus, as CIG touch for more, the White House responded with less. On 26 February, the President submitted his draft National Security exertion to Congress. It included only the barest key of the CIA enough to transform the CIG directive into statutory law, and nothing more. In just 30 lines, the CIA section established the agency, placed it under the National Security Council, gave it a director appointed from civilian or military life by the president (with the Senates consent), and authorized it to inherit the functions, personnel, property, and records of the Central Intelligence Group.33On March 12, 1947, President Truman denote the Truman Doctrine, which was instrumental in determining the eventual shape of the CIA. Hi storian chafe Ransom stated, So, while Pearl Harbor may be considered the father of the CIA, the Truman Doctrine certainly was the mother the OSS was the hero model.34 Britain had announced that it would withdraw from Greece, allowing it to fall to the Communists. Truman decided that the United States would take on the role of a world police officer to protect all people from communist insurgency. In Trumans famous statement to Congress, he said, The peoples of a calculate of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. He went on to state, I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by fortify minorities or by outside pressures.35 These words would later justify the creation of a permanent intelligence agency with the power to wage political warfare in a time of peace.CIA provisions of the National Security bear went relatively unnoticed and unalt ered in Congress. Instead, legislators concentrated on the more hotly contested aspects of merging the two military departments issues like the power of the new Secretary of Defense and the defense of the Navys Marine Corps and aviation units. In the Senate, Armed Services Committee deliberations resulted in only two relatively minor changes to the proposed CIA, neither of which dealt with CIA functions or jurisdiction.36 In fact, the committees final report specifically noted that the Agency would continue to perform the duties outlined in Trumans CIG directive until Congress could pass permanent legislation at a later date.37The CIA which arose from the National Security Act of 1947 closely resembled its CIG predecessor. Like CIG, the CIA was supposed to correlate, evaluate and go around intelligence from other services, but was given no specific authority to collect intelligence on its own or to engage in any covert subversive operations. Like CIG, the CIA operated under the sleepless eyes of other intelligence producers where CIG reported to a National Intelligence Authority, the CIA operated under the National Security Council a committee including the Secretaries of War, Navy, State, Defense and the President. Mimicking the CIG directive, The National Security Act protected existing intelligence components with univocal guarantees. In deference to the FBI, the law barred the CIA from exercising any police, subpoena sic, law-enforcement powers, or internal-security functions. It also provided that the departments and other agencies of the Government shall continue to collect, evaluate, correlate, and disseminate departmental intelligence.38Finally, the Act borrowed two broad clauses from Trumans directive, which were to have a big(a) impact on the CIAs subsequent development. The new agency was charged with conducting such additional services of super C concern as the National Security Council determines and with performing such other functions an d duties related to intelligence touch on the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct.39 Taken together, these CIA provisions created an agency, which suited War and Navy department interests to a tee. If CIG were any guide, the CIA would pose no threat to departmental intelligence agencies.ConclusionsHere, too, it appears that a major national security agency was forged without much Congressional input and without much consideration of broad national concerns. Like the National Security Council system and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Central Intelligence Agency took shape almost exclusively within the executive branch, where bureaucratic players cared first and first about their own institutional interests.The CIA was clearly a product of executive branch discussions and decisions. All three rounds of the postwar intelligence battle were fought among bureaucratic actors and were ultimately decided by the president. spell one, which pitt ed OSS chief Donovan against the State/Justice/Navy/War department coalition, ended with an executive order disbanding OSS and transferring its functions to the Departments of State and War. Round two featured internecine warfare between top State Department officials and the military. It, too, ended with one-party presidential action an executive directive which implemented the militarys recommendations for a weak Central Intelligence Group.In round three, it was CIG against the White House. With the entire unification bill hanging in the balance, and with military preferences about postwar intelligence well known, Truman and his legislative drafting team took decisive action. Rebuffing CIGs advances, they introduced a National Security Act bill which included brief, vague CIA provisions. Their aim was to continue CIG under new, statutory authority while generating as little controversy as possible.40Truman succeeded, thanks in large part to Congressional indifference. Legislators in both chambers accepted CIA provisions with little comment or debate. Though a few Members elevated alarms about the Agencys potential police power and broad jurisdiction, these voices were whispers against the wind. Average legislators had little incentive to probe deeply into CIA design, while national security intellectuals had bigger fish to fry in the unification bill. Tellingly, even those who pressed for a more specific CIA mandate ended up simply copying from Trumans CIG directive of 1946. It seems that even here, legislators were content to defer to the executive. The QA which emerged bore an uncanny resemblance to the Central Intelligence Group. Truman himself writes that the National Security Act succeeded in renaming the Central Intelligence Group implying the Act made no substantive changes to CIGs design or operations at all.41There can also be little doubt that the Central Intelligence Agency was forged out of parochial, rather than national, interests. Creating any kind of postwar central intelligence apparatus inevitably benefited some bureaucratic actors and threatened others. While OSS and CIG had much to gain by a strongly centralized system, the Departments of State, Justice, War and Navy all stood to lose. For these big four departments, promoting U.S. national security was never a paramount concern. Instead, these departments sought a central intelligence system which, above all, insulated their own intelligence services from outside interference. Paradoxically, their vision of an effective central intelligence agency was one without strong central control or coordination. The ideal CIA was a weak CIA.But why did these departments succeed? Why did the president so readily accept their vision of postwar intelligence organization? The short answer is that Harry Truman needed the military services more than they needed him. Propelled by national interest, the president had placed military integration at the top of his political agenda . To him, no issue was more vital to American postwar security than unifying the War and Navy Departments into a single Department of Defense, and no price was too great to achieve success. In this context, Donovans vision of a powerful statutory CIA never had a chance. From day one, War and Navy leaders strenuously opposed such a scheme. With no political capital to spare, the president went along. His executive actions and legislative recommendations all sought to create a central intelligence apparatus, which protected departmental intelligence units, rather than ensuring the new central agency would function well.BibliographyAmbrose, Stephen E. Ikes Spies Eisenhower and the Espionage origination. New York Doubleday, 1981.Andrew, Christopher. For the presidents eyes only Secret intelligence and the American presidency from Washington to Bush. New York HarperCollins, 1995.Cline, Ray S. The CIA Under Reagan, Bush, and Casey The Evolution of the Agency from Roosevelt to Reagan. Was hington, D.C. Acropolis Books, 1981.Caraley, Demetrios. The governing of military unification A study of conflict and the policy process. New York Columbia University Press, 1966.Dunlop, Richard. Donovan Americas Master betray. Chicago Rand McNally, 1982.Lowenthal, Mark. U.S. Intelligence Evolution and anatomy. 2d ed. Westport Praeger, 1992.Donovan, Robert. Conflict and Crisis The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1945-1948. New York Norton, 1977.Karalekas, Anne. record of the Central Intelligence Agency. In The Central Intelligence Agency History and documents, edited by William M. Leary. University, A.L. University of Alabama Press, 1984.Ransom, Harry Howe. The Intelligence Establishment. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1970.Sayle, Edward F. 1986. The historical underpinning of the U.S. intelligence community. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1, no. 1.Smith, R. Harris. OSS The Secret History of America. first-class honours degree Central Intell igence Agency. Berkeley. University of calcium Press, 1972.Truman, Harry S. Memoirs Years of Trial and Hope. New York Doubleday, 1956.Troy, doubting Thomas F. Donovan and the CIA A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency. Washington, D.C Central Intelligence Agency, 1981.1 Andrew, Christopher. For the presidents eyes only Secret intelligence and the American presidency from Washington to Bush. (New York HarperCollins, 1995), 112 Sayle, Edward F. The historical underpinning of the U.S. intelligence community. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1, no. 1. 1986.3 Andrew4 Stephen E. Ambrose, Ikes Spies Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (New York Doubleday, 1981), 178.5 John Ranelagh, The Agency The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New York Simon and Schuster, 1986), 28-30.6 ibidem, 33-57 Ray S. Cline, The CM Under Reagan, Bush and Casey The Evolution of the Agency from Roosevelt to Reagan (Washington, D.C. Acropolis Books, 1981), 7 1.8 Ibid.9 Ranelagh, 8810 Ibid., 94.11 Ibid., 96.12 Quoted in R. Harris Smith, OSS The Secret History of Americas First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley University of California Press, 1972), 383.13 Ibid.14 Ambrose, 162-64.15 Truman to Donovan, 20 September 1945, United States, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Cold War Records The CIA under Harry Truman, (Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), 15. Here on cited as CIA Cold War Records.16 Richard Dunlop, Donovan Americas Master Spy (Chicago Rand McNally, 1982), 467-68.17 Harry S. Truman, Memoirs Years of Trial and Hope (New York Doubleday, 1956), 73-76.18 William J. Donovan, Memorandum for the President, 13 September 1945, CIA Cold War Records, 319 Ranelagh, 9920 Cline21 Sidney W. Souers, Memorandum for Commander Clifford, 27 December 1945, CIA Cold War Records, 17-19.22 Ambrose, 127.23 Cline24 CIA Cold War Records, 30.25 Thomas F. Troy, Donovan and the CIA A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligen ce Agency (Washington, D.C. Central Intelligence Agency, 1981), 346.26 Ibid.27 Ibid.28 Mark Lowenthal, U.S. intelligence Evolution and anatomy. 2d ed. (Westport Praeger, 1992), 167-929 Anne Karalekas, History of the Central Intelligence Agency. In The Central Intelligence Agency History and documents, edited by William M. Leary. (University, A.L. University of Alabama Press, 1984). 2430 Elsey, George M, Papers. Harry S. Truman Library. Quoted in Demetrios Caraley, The politics of military unification A study of conflict and the policy process (New York Columbia University Press, 1966), 56.31 Troy, 37132 Ibid, 378-933 Lowenthal, 191-5.34 Harry Ransom, The Intelligence Establishment (Cambridge, M.A. Harvard University Press, 1970), 83.35 Quoted in Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1945-1948 (New York Norton, 1977), 284.36 First, the committee voted to make the president a statutory National Security Council member. Since the CIA reported to the N SC, this move theoretically gave the CIA greater presidential access than originally planned. However, it still shed far short of granting the agency a private channel to the president, especially since the president was not necessary to attend NSC meetings. Second, the Committee made clear that civilians, as well as military, were eligible for appointment as Director of Central Intelligence the presidents bill did not rule out civilian appointments, but did not specifically mention them (Troy 1981 380-90).37 Troy, 39538 Cold War Records, 131-5.39 CIA Cold War Records, 177-8.40 Lowenthal, 17641 Truman, 56-7