What Laura And Mrs. Sheridan Learned About Life And People In The Gard

What Laura And Mrs. Sheridan Learned About Life And People In The Garden Party What Laura and Mrs. Sheridan Learned About Life and People The Garden Party is a wonderful and enlightening story with several life lessons intertwined behind the fictional characters. Deeply studying and analyzing the text can produce a great deal of thought and from that thought - inspiration. We learn that people can learn from people. Be it by their mistakes or their triumphs. It does not matter the position or role in the family; wisdom can come from anyone. In the story, a poor man from the village in which the Sheridans live dies. Laura wishes to stop the party and help the newly widowed woman. The guests of the party, including her parents, think she is out of her mind for even thinking such things. Laura is shocked by the actions of her friends and is appalled by their selfishness. At the same time, Laura's mother, Mrs. Sheridan, thinks Laura is foolish. She believes it to be degrading to the self-image of Laura herself, and the rest of her family. Showing kindness to someone of a lower social class is strictly forbidden, especially to stop a party midway to go visit a poor widow. More importantly than the degrading factor was what other people would think of her and them. When Laura suggested they cancel the garden party Jose said, 'Stop the garden-party? My dear Laura, don't be so absurd. Of course we can't do anything of the kind. Nobody expects us to. Don't be so extravagant.' Laura could not believe what she had heard from her sister, so she went to speak to her mom, To Laura's astonishment her mother behaved just like Jose, it was harder to bear because she seemed amused. She refused to take Laura seriously. 'But, my dear child, use your common sense. It's only by accident we've heard of it. If some one had died there normally--and I can't understand how they keep alive in those poky little holes--we should still be having our party, shouldn't we?' She fell victim to one of the terrible mindsets of pleasing the public. The mindset of needing to fulfill the expectations of the social order. Mrs. Sheridan, did however, show some sympathy after a while. She agreed to let Laura take a basket of food down to the widow. Although she did seem to be showing a caring side she added a comment that changed anyone's mind that might have been thinking that. She said, 'Take it yourself, darling. Run down just as you are. No, wait, take the arum lilies too. People of that class are so impressed by arum lilies.' As if they were so poor that they had never seen flowers before. Then as she thought about it a little more, she decided that instead of taking a chance of letting Laura getting her clothes dirty, she should only take the food, 'The stems will ruin her lace frock,' said practical Jose. So they would. Just in time. 'Only the basket, then. And Laura!'--her mother followed her out of the marquee--'don't on any account--' 'What, mother?' No, better not put such ideas into the child's head! 'Nothing! Run along.' By doing this, Laura taught her mother that it is not important to look at wealth to determine the quality of a person and kindness is deserved by everyone. From everyone. When Jose said they could not stop the party she replied with, But we can't possibly have a garden-party with a man dead just outside the front gate. Mrs. Sheridan also learned something about her daughter. She learned that her daughter, unlike her, cares about other people regardless of their social standing. Mrs. Sheridan is one of those people that feel superior to anyone with less money. Her daughter is a third kind of people. She doesn't feel that anyone is better or worthier than anyone else. To her, everyone is equal. Without people like her, the world would split apart. Laura learned that people in different social classes treat eachother differently to a point where neither of them care about the other at all. The people in the higher classes give themselves the mentality that anyone

South Africas Youth Essays - Labour Economics, Racial Segregation

South Africa's Youth Essays - Labour Economics, Racial Segregation South Africa's Youth SOUTH AFRICA'S YOUTH Reflecting back on the tragedy that just occurred at Columbine High School in Denver Colorado and the generalizations being made about the U.S youth and the crisis that we are in and supposedly are experiencing ,I decided to research the youth crisis in South Africa. There is at present no youth crisis as such. However young people find themselves in the midst of a range of crises that should be addressed urgently by the state and society. South African youths as a category refers to South Africans between 15 and 30 years of age; they constitute 29,5% of the population, yet there is no comprehensive youth policy in place to attend to their needs. Most young people share common values of society - signs of radicalism and militarism are found in only a minority of youth. Only a small percentage of South Africa's youth can be considered truly marginalized as the country's youth as a whole and therefore cannot be called a lost generation. Thirty-seven per cent of South Africa population were below the age of 15 in 1991. It can be compared with the average of 40% for similar countries in the world, less-developed countries averaging 44% and industrialized countries 23%. The composition of people between 15 and 30 years, comprised 29,5% of South Africa's population. Figures for racial categories indicate a total of approximately 8,3 million (75%) black, 1,4 m. (12%) white, 1,1 m. (10%) colored and 300 000 (3%) Asian youths in this group. There are many problems for the South African Youth and some of the most challenging problems include family and community instability that leads to a wide range of other social problems for youth. The black family has been under enormous strain partly because of an education system that is not providing all youth with relevant and quality education. Economic stagnation, together with inadequate education, has resulted in high levels of unemployment and poverty, especially among women and blacks. Demographic factors which continue to impact on the South African population and more specifically the youth. It has been estimated that by 1995, 50% of the age cohort 15 to 19 will live in urban areas. The extent to which young people from the different racial and cultural groups have become isolated from one another, with the accompanying negative stereotypes, intolerance and racism. A historical survey in the report leaves little doubt that South African youth have over the years been victims of political and socio-cultural crises. They have been subjected to poverty, blatant political manipulation, racial and other divisions that tore the country apart, and a lack of any systematic youth policy to attend to their needs. As a group, they have for many years been largely ignored by the leaders in control of their destiny. And yet, from the earliest decades of the century, they have attempted to assert themselves by forming youth organizations, by protesting against injustices and by insisting on a decent education and living conditions. Unemployment has been a struggle for the South African Youth. Studies show roughly 42% of youth between the ages of 15 and 30 were unemployed. Young women were particularly disadvantaged. In the first place, they were less likely to be part of the labor force because large numbers were involved in unpaid domestic work. Secondly, they found it difficult to find employment while being involved in unpaid domestic work. Unemployment affects the unmarried, junior members of households more adversely than the other members. Unemployment is higher in the homelands and in urban areas that comprise squatter and informal settlements close to the major metropolitan area. It is however unclear as to whether unemployment is higher in rural or in urban areas. At the time, studies indicate 45% of the black, 12% of the white, 40% of the colored and 29% of the Asian youth were unemployed. Family structure and living conditions play an important role. The core family has been seriously affected by social upheavals. Studies indicate that 22% of white, 20% of Asian, 32% of colored and 40 % of black families are currently headed by females. Stability may be found in nuclear, extended, compound or single-parent families. The extended kinship system among blacks and Asians seems to

The Abyss of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Abyss of Love - Essay Example But there was just one problem, the younger sister of Princess Kali, Princess Viviana also loved the prince and wished to marry him in order to become queen of the united kingdoms. Though Viviana was a thousand times more beautiful than her older sister, she was gifted with a black heart. Her jealousy caused her to do many evil things to Kali that could have killed her if Kali were not only highly intelligent and able to get herself out of the predicaments that Viviana conjured through the use of Black Magic. Viviana knew that the prince was arriving in two days and the wedding was to take place on his fifth day in the kingdom. So devised her most devious plan yet in order to win the heart of the prince. Using her black powers, she created an army of black soldiers to do her bidding. They ambushed the prince in the Rosewood Forest as he was making his way to their kingdom. His soldiers were outnumbered and easily overcome by the devil army of Viviana. They took him prisoner and placed him deep inside the The Abyss of Love where an imprisoned person would easily fall for the charms of the dark arts, turning the persons heart black and allowing the masters of black magic to steal the loving hearts for their own. Disguising herself as her sister, Viviana came to the prince and asked him to drink a magic potion. One that would make him see Kali each time he saw Viviana while he would see his despised Viviana each time he saw Kali. After making sure that the potion had worked. She allowed the prince to continue on his trek, his memory of the ambush erased forever. He arrived at the palace all aglow with love. But instead of calling out for Kali, Prince Gabriel called out for Viviana, causing much embarrassment for Kali who was waiting for him with open arms at the top of the palace steps. Viviana brushed her sister aside and allowed the prince

Essay 6 in one single spaced full page + the identifications

6 in one single spaced full page + the identifications - Essay Example Asians migrated to America many years ago because of galleon trade. American merchants traded with China through Canton port in 19th Century. The Chinese immigrants comprised of 10% population of California and 25% that of Idaho due to attraction from railway construction, mining and fishing industries. Japanese concentrated in farming in California, and their immigration to the United States evolved in 1880s. They lived in ethnic Clusters. Diplomacy of immigration was really concerned with the consequences of keeping some people out and therefore, diplomatic establishment was made in 1924 partially to facilitate immigration. Italian: Before 1850, the Italians immigrants from Mediterranean were widely disbursed but in a small population. Most of them were from Central and Northern Italy largely concentrating in New Orleans. After 1880, most of the Italians from Wales currently referred to as the Mezzogiorno of northwest Europe entered US through New York concentrating in New England, Chicago and Mid-Atlantic states. Greeks: Greeks who had strong ties with Greece brought their Orthodox Churches to America in 1890s although more than half returned to Greece. They created ethnic niches in the restaurant business. Arabs and Armenians: The Armenian population was larger around Turkish Genocide time in 1915 and only 2 mosques were built before 1930 by the small Muslim population. Most of these immigrants were Syrians and Lebanese. The Poles: more than 26 ethnic groups settled in cities of N.E and Great lakes e.g. Detroit, Cleveland and Chicago. These were especially Europeans peasants. Most of the immigrants were laborers Roman Catholics, but there were no Poland in the year 1795 to 1919. Before 1880, 250000 Jews fled to US because of religious persecution, most German descent and 50,000 from East Europe. By 1924, 4 million Jews had fled to US 3 million of Eastern European descent. Most of them were young

Throughout Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Example for Free

Throughout Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Throughout Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston uses a number of different items as symbols to convey the significance of certain events that take place in Janie’s, the main characters, lifespan. In this novel, Janie’s life moves in stages. With each stage comes a different item of clothing that represents another relationship and reflects Janie’s inner self during that period in time. Using an apron, a head rag, a blue satin dress, and overalls, Hurston communicates how Janie grows and evolved as a person throughout her relationships with Logan Killicks, Jody Starks, and most importantly, Tea Cake. In the beginning of the novel, Janie’s marries a man by the name of Logan Killicks, a very successful farmer. During their relationship, Janie wears an apron. The apron shows that Janie is a housewife, merely taking orders and doing what she is told to do. During the course of their marriage, Janie came to realize that she â€Å"knew now that marriage did not make love† (25). Janie does not love Logan. She married him for Nanny, her grandmother, and never was able to develop the love for him, as she desired. At this point, Janie begins seeing Jody Starks, and eventually leaves Logan. Upon leaving, she â€Å"feels the apron tied around her waist. She untied it and flung it on a low bush beside one road and walked on† (32) as if release of being a housewife and allowing herself to move on; no strings attached. In Jane’s second marriage with Jody, Janie is forced to wear a head rag by Jody. This hides Janie’s hair. Janie’s hair is very different from other women in her community. Her hair is straight, like white women, as opposed to curly. Her hair is a symbol of her uniqueness and independence. By forcing Janie to cover her hair and wear the head rag, Jody extinguishes Janie’s independence. Jody controls Janie, insults her, and destroys her self-esteem. She conforms to his wants and demands, not even fighting back when he hits her. The head rag represents Jody’s dominance over Janie in their relationship. Ultimately, this proves that their relationship in not based on true love, and this ends in a failed relationship. After Jody dies, Janie’s meets Tea Cake, who buys her a blue satin dress. This dress is worn at their wedding and is of high significance despite the small amount of time it is worn by Janie. It is a symbol of a new start with Tea Cake. In addition, it has only been nine months since Jody’s death. At one point. Janie says to Pheoby: Ah ain’t grievin’ so why do Ah hafta mourn? Tea Cake love me in blue, so Ah wears it. Jody ain’t never in his life picked out no color for me. De world picked out black and white for mournin’, Joe didn’t. So Ah wasn’t wearin’ it for him. Ah was wearin’ it for de rest of y’all (113). This shows that Janie is sad about his death since she is not mourning, as the community believes she should do. Janie did not truly love Jody, however, she does love Tea Cake greatly and is â€Å"always in blue because Tea Cake told her to wear it†(110). Later in their marriage, Janie switched her attire to overalls. These overalls are nothing fancy and are worn for her work in the fields with Tea Cake. For this reason, they are proven to be a symbol of equality and true love. Neither Tea Cake nor Janie are of higher stature than one another as the men were in Janie’s past relationships. â€Å"What if Eatonville could see her in now in her blue denim overalls and heavy shoes?† (134) is a thought that Janie simply laughs at. Janie’s love is proven in her ability to become Tea Cake’s equal despite what the people of the town say about how he is poor. Janie continues to wear the overalls after Tea Cakes death, when she returns to Eatonville. She doesn’t dress up to mourn. Janie â€Å"went on in her overalls. She was too busy feeling grief to dress like grief† (189). This further proves Janie’s feelings for Tea Cake more than anything. With Jody, Janie mourned his death and didn’t care for him, showing that mourning doesn’t mean she was sad. In this situation, Janie does not follow what is considered the right thing to do. She knows how sad she feels about Tea Cake and that is the only thing that matters to her at this point in time. The use of clothing as symbols is a dominant element of Hurston’s writing in Their Eyes Were Watching God. It successfully conveys Janie’s emotions and thoughts throughout her life. The symbolism of clothing shows how she evolved from following what is considered â€Å"right† and becoming what she wants; someone who experienced true love. Janie wore an apron for Nanny’s dream, a head rag to satisfy Jody’s need for dominance, and a blue satin dress and overalls for true love and equality with Tea Cake. Works Cited Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God: A Novel. New York: Perennial Library, 1990. Print.

Much Ado About Nothing: Love And Marriage Essay -- essays research pap

Even though love and marriage was a major ideal in Shakespearean England, we can get views from Much Ado about Nothing which oppose this idea. From the two main ‘couples’ in this play we can understand their different views on commitment throughout and because of this we as readers and viewers can learn about each relationship separately and watch the thoughts and ideas change throughout the play. From the scene given we can make many assumptions on the Beatrice and Benedick relationship and how it may have grown throughout the previous acts and scenes. We can tell from this small passage that Beatrice and Benedick have a love/hate relationship which may have come from past relationship let downs†¦ Beatrice: indeed my lord, he lent it me awhile, and I gave him use for it, a double heart for his single one. Marry, once before he won it off me with false dice, therefore your grace may well say I have lost it. The two seem to have the same ideas on marriage even though we learn through the play that this is not true, they both know it is important to get married but have different viewpoints on the matter, they both appear to want their individuality. We can see this idea in the passage provided and many other parts of the play†¦ Beatrice: just, if he send me no husband; for the which blessing I am at him upon my knees every morning and evening. Lord, I could not endure a husband with a beard on his face I had rather lie in the woollen†¦ Benedick: the savage bull may; but i...

Event Management Dissertation

An Application of the Events Management Concept in the Marketing Success of Clubs and BarsThis proposal presents a research initiative that aims to explore the events management concept and how this applies to the marketing success of clubs and bars. This paper focuses on the bar and club â€Å"scene† in London. This paper also enumerates the factors leading to the identified issue thereby leading to a statement as supported by aims and objectives of the project; these are as follows:To develop a framework of evaluation on the applicability of events management concepts as integral elements to the marketing success of bars and clubs.To create a workable research framework as based on the assessment of actual movements and developments in the dynamics of bar and club business in the city, especially as to how the application of events management concepts make a difference to the business of the bars and clubs. This includes both primary and secondary research.To identify the fa ctors leading to entertainment establishment success in the context of the marketing mix, with an emphasis on the promotional dimension.To create a foundation to this research a preliminary review of related literature is conducted.The identified literature examined topics on events management, promotional marketing, and background research on nightlife in the context of bars and clubs. This proposal therefore approaches the research from a practical perpective due to the amount of theory and concept applicability that will be tested to a specific nightclub. This initiative will partner with a specific bar/s or club/s that are willing to have their business examined when applying a specific set of events management concepts.Because of this, the main concern of this study is the amount of cooperation these bar/s or club/s will give, in addition to the stated limitations of this project whcih will be discussed in the next sections of this paper. This proposal therefore outlines the me thodology that will be undertaken. The approach to the methodology mixes qualitative factors through interviews and the comparison of gathered data from the participating establishments, and quantitative approaches as based on surveying bar and club customers in which they determine which applied event management concept works for them best.The recommended research framework of the institution is also outlined through the resources and programme. Last but not the least, this proposal also presents a contingency plan should the research encounters critical obstacles that may jeopardize its process and development. Introduction This proposal presents an outline on the intended methodlogy that will be utilised for the proposed research initiative evaluating the application of events management in the bar and club scene. The targeted area of evaluation are the selected bars and clubs in the London area.This proposal contains a preliminary review of literature which further gives light t o the background of this research topic. The relevant issues to be addressed are identified thereby contributing greatly to the framework of this proposal. Problem Background and Definition In order to establish the important fundamentals of the problem of this research, it is important to look at the background of events management, especially as to the concepts that surround this practice and strategy. In definition, Silvers discussed project management as,â€Å"[†¦ ] the process by which an event is planned, prepared, and produced. As with any other form of management, it encompasses the assessment, definition, acquisition, allocation, direction, control, and analysis of time, finances, people, products, services, and other resources to achieve objectives. An event manager’s job is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event, including researching, planning, organizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating an event’s design, activities, and production .†Based on these genres and the definition of events management, it can be gathered that although the concept is to manage a happening, function or an affair, there is still the strong aspect of marketing involved. This is because it can be observed that these events aim to gather people with special purposes, and with this, these events already identify a particular market segment. The identification and the formation of a market segment is critical in any marketing activity.These market segments thereby make marketing initiatives more focused and targeted on a specific group. As Michman explains, these segments create a lifestyle group which also gives way to their demogaphics, communication and values; these information are therefore important when it comes to formulating marketing strategies for the intended market (3). Concepts on event management thereby utilises a combination of many factors. Although events are strongly related to marketing, there are also of course th e other elements that need to be implemented.Silvers presented these through the identification of the different knowledge domains in which the author divided as follows: administration, operations, marketing and risk management. These domains include a list of many activities, the following of which are just a partial list of the tasks involved in managing events:Site surveying.Client services.Budgeting.Management of cashflow.Logistics.Scheduling.Security.Site and theme designed.Location/site management.Goldblatt also mentioned the following important aspects of event management:Administration – the administration aspect deals with the management and leadership that runs the event. This may include the involvement of an events company that takes over through the many stages of events planning and management. The administration deals with many factors including the design of the event, the financial planning, control and strategy, and the quality aspects of the event as seen in the deliverables and the performances of the staff and human resources employed specifically for that event.Coordination – coordination is another important aspect in event management, this is the aspect in which s The coordination activities include the formulation of the production schedule, the selection and the strategy for catering, choosing the best suppliers and vendors for services in audio, video lighting, sound and effects, and the providers of music and entertainment such as performers and artists.Marketing – a successfully marketed event can give way to a successful affair.The events management concept strongly utilises marketing as a weapon that makes the event possible and at the same time, to profit from the events. Many events market their affairs to corporate sponsors who provide the funding and the resources to make the event possible; in return, the event markets these sponsors through the promotional platform. The event profits from the event its elf in addition to those which can be also used to pay off some balances in the fees.Hence, there is the significant exchange of marketing aspects in event management because it makes use of the promotional platform as a means to bring forth entertainment, information, and the other objectives of the event.Legal, Ethical and Risk Management – events are still subject to many requirements and considerations especially in the legal, ethical and risk management aspects. Event managers need to secure the necessary permits and licenses needed for the affair. Contracts are also drawn especially if it involves lucrative partnerships with service providers.Ethical implications of the transactions and the potentoial effects of the event also need to be considered. Last but not the least, risk management is an important practice that organisations are also implementing. Risk management serves as an important element in order to prevent the possibilities of risks, and should any risk ta kes place, the management is ready with a contingency plan (Culp). One important note about events management is that it is also reflective of the project management practices; in fact, events are projects in itself because of its very nature.In the context of project management, projects are defined through the following characteristics (Webster & Knutson, 2-3):Projects are unique undertakings.Projects are composed of independent activities.Projects create a quality deliverable.Projects involve multiple resources .Projects are not synonymous with the products of the project.Projects are driven by the Triple Constraint: time, resources, technical performance (quality).Based on these characteristics of project management, it can be gathered that an event is also a project.What distinguishes an event from other projects is that it has a very strong marketing element because it involves many actors, from the provider of the product or service and the prospective clients. Events assembl es people therefore there is a collective sense of objective. Because of this attendance, events therefore have a strong promotional element (Soares). When it comes to bars and clubs, it is important that these establishments market themselves effectively in order to maintain their businesses.These establishments rely on customer count as a source of profits especially as they sell products like food and drinks, and services such as dancing and other entertainment-based gatherings. It is therefore important that these bars and clubs ensure they have a strong patronage and customer flow in order to assure that their businesses remain competitive. In observing the bar and club â€Å"scene†, there is much competition especially in a city like London. In looking at resources for these events such as TimeOut, there is always a list of bars and clubs with their respective â€Å"events†.These events may include a theme night, a special guest DJ or performer, a concert, and ot her gimmicks. It can be also observed that these events are strongly driven by sponsorships such as partnerships with relevant products and services like alcoholic drinks, fashion labels, and other lifestyle related products and brands. In this regard, when it comes to the application of events management concept in bars and clubs, it is evident that these have had some successes. This therefore elicits close inspection as to how these concepts are applied and which concepts are successful.It should be noted that due to the strong marketing element in these initiatives, these bars and clubs are also subject to what is known a product life cycle — a cycle in which a product or service may start to plateau and decline. Hence, this reflects as to why bars and clubs may have their â€Å"time†; some bars and clubs that were famous a few years ago may have already shut down or are losing customers because new concepts get introduced in the market. It can be also observed tha t certain event themes also went through their peak and lost their lusters; examples are the raves, the cream parties, and the bubble parties, among others.Hence, this shows that although generally, events management concepts work in the context of bars and clubs, they don't work all the time and are not necessarily sustainable. This thereby shows the strong association between a project and an event — something that is unique that has beginning and an end. This research therefore aims to explore the events management concept at greater depths by means of looking at the actual applications and the industry practices.As certain events tend to become â€Å"old†, the turnover of new events concepts need to be examined, especially in a market with changing preferences and values. In addition to the aspect of events concepts, the management aspect is also examined by this paper. This is especially important as the market is volatile, and the entertainment and leisure sector s tend to get easily affected by economic and market challenges. This paper examines how events actually take place and how certain strategies may need to be formulated in order to respond to challenges in resources.This therefore bring up the issues on cost management and how bars and clubs intend to profit from their events. This may then bring up certain events management concepts and applications from other event genres as applied in affairs that take place in bars and clubs. The events management industry in the UK is a million-pound industry considering the number of events held in the country, from conferences to major concerts. The industry also involves many sectors including those from the hospitality, entertainment and leisure services.This research therefore localises an exploration of events management in a specific context, and identifies the important factors that can affect the relevant businesses and establishments in this sector. Aims and Objectives In order to hav e a substantial insight on events management concepts in the context of bars and clubs establishments, this research therefore aims to achieve and implement the following:To develop a framework of evaluation on the applicability of events management concepts as integral elements to the marketing success of bars and clubs.To establish how events management applications are integral to the success of the bars and clubs sectors.To create a workable research framework as based on the assessment of actual movements and developments in the dynamics of bar and club business in the city, especially as to how the application of events management concepts make a difference to the business of the bars and clubs. This includes both primary and secondary research.To identify the factors leading to entertainment establishment success in the context of the marketing mix, with an emphasis on the promotional dimension.Based on the sourced literature, it appears that there are a few studies with rega rds to events management, especially as to how these affects bars and clubs. Because of the close nature of events with projects, and due to the function of events as marketing tools especially in this specific context of the study, much of the reviewed literature touches on the marketing aspect, the project and event management resources, and some literature touching on bars, clubs, nightlife and other entertainment establishments.Review of Literature Definitions of Events ManagementEvents management can be said to have emerged from the increasing commercialisation of popular celebrations, from big affairs such as concerts to small and private gatherings. Bowdin, et al. explained that in certain historical aspects, the increasing importance of events were noted because of the benefits they bring as enumerated through its purpose and objectives. An example noted by the authors were the emergence of the industry as encouraged by political and religious reasons; this happened in the U nited Kingdom where exhibitions became a popular event that it needed to be sustained.The approach to the sustainability of events, especially as this would lead to the formation of an industry, would then become integral to the management requirements of this practice. Across the world, the management of events would become a more formal approach in organizing festivals and other festivities. Bowdin, et al. therefore presented the following definition of events as follows (14): â€Å"[†¦] anything which happens; result; any incidence or occurrence esp (sic) a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; an item in a programme (of sports, etc.); a type of horseriding competition, often held over three days (three-day event) consisting of three sections ie dressage, cross country riding and show jumping; fortune or fate (obs); an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising. † Based on these definitions, the events that fall under event management are applicable in all aspects. Basically, the last definitiion, â€Å"an organized activity at a particular venue, eg. for sales promotion or fundraising† (14) can be said to already encompass what an event is.However, it should be also noted that the fundamentals of events management also refers to the uniqueness of the event, hence, it is memorable. At the same time, an event may have many sub-events such as â€Å"items†. Last but not the least, as based on the cited definition, an event also includes contingency or possibility of occurrence. This therefore brings up the aspect of events management in which case it is not just about ensuring that the event takes place, but also the management formalises the event in a sense that it is defined by a specific strategy.As previously mentioned, an event in the events management context becomes a project; in this case, the aspects of project management is applied. It is initially important to define what a project is, and according to Bowdin, et al, (267), an event as a project â€Å"produces an asset [†¦] the asset is the ultimate deliverable of the project. The management is the planning, the organizing, leading, and controlling of the project†. Hence, based on these, Bowdin, et al. presented the definition of event management in the following (267):â€Å"The project management of events concentrates on the management process to create the event, not just what happens at the event [†¦] (it) is called the ‘overlay' as it integrates all the tasks of management. Event management is made up of a number of management areas including planning, leading, marketing, design, control and budgeting, risk management, logistics, staging and evaluation. Each of these areas continuously affect each other over the event life cycle†.Shone and Parry, furthermore, mentioned that in order for an event to be managed in a similar context, the event has to be â€Å"sp ecial†; based on this, the authors presented the following pointing out the definitions of events that are managed:Leisure events (leisure, sport recreation).Personal events (weddings, birthdays, anniversaries).Organisational events (commercial, political, charitable, sales).Cultural (ceremonial, sacred, heritage, art, folklore).The Events Management Concept and Practice Event management is therefore a discipline and a practice.There are many concepts and aspects of event management that needs to be considered especially among those who specialise in certain components of the practice. One of the common perceptions of event management is its dimension as a coordinating activities. Silvers (28) mentioned that in event coordination, the coordinators visualise, organise and synchronise the different elements of an event. In addition, in event coordination, the coordinator also identifies the purpose, scope and the program of the event by means of identifying its intent, extent, a nd content.Another important point raised by Silvers (28) is that, in agreement with the past discussions on the nature of event management as similar or related to project management, the author also further mentioned the processes involved both in the coordination and the management of events. These aspects, for instance, is through the discussion on the Project Scope (28-29):Identifying the needs and requirements of the event including the definition of its purpose and the expected outcomes.The description of the product as spelled out by the type of event.Product analysis or the identification of the components of the product.The feasibility of the product as based on the analysis of the resources.From these, the event becomes more definite through the design of a Work Breakdown Structure and Activity Schedule (29). Another important approach in event management can be considered in the perceptions of the customers, competition and the sponsors. Silvers discussed the aspect of t he consumers and the competition. According to the author, the customers make up the â€Å"marketing realm† of the event (30).Hence, it is important to identify a target segment because this helps in the design of the event, from its scope to its marketing to its implementation. Silvers also discussed the competition; for cases such as bars and clubs, any weekend night poses a great amount of competition for any establishment holding an event that night.As the author stressed, it is significant that the bar or club is aware what kind of other events that will take place in another establishment. It is therefore in the strategy of the club or bar owner, along with its hired events specialist, to determine how to best approach competition.